中国特色反腐败制度框架下贿赂犯罪法益的确定  

Determination of Legal Interests of Bribery Crimes under the Framework of the Anti-corruption System with Chinese Characteristics

作　　者：陈金林[1] Chen Jinlin

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第3期184-203,共20页China Legal Science

摘　　要：当前,我国贿赂犯罪法益学说深受德国理论的影响,而后者是迎合德国贿赂犯罪立法和实用主义需求的产物。回顾19世纪至今的德国贿赂犯罪立法史可知,德国逐渐抛弃了精细立法的传统,不再区分诸多影响不法内容与损益关系的细节,立法日趋道德化、形式化、口袋化,与刑事法治的要求相悖。以此为基础的贿赂犯罪法益学说,不具有法益应有的品格。我国的反腐败制度具有恤民、深究最终损益关系的传统,源自德国的法益学说与我国的反腐败制度并不兼容,难以合理说明立法的诸多处罚限制。根据贿赂触及的现实利益及损益关系,可将贿赂区分为以下三类:第三人利益侵犯型贿赂,即通过职务行为为行贿人谋取不正当利益的贿赂,其法益内容是职务行为直接损害的第三人利益;敲诈勒索型贿赂,即利用职权对相对人正当利益的制约索取或收受财物,其法益是“行贿人”的财产和意志活动自由,这种情形下的“行贿人”系被害人;纪律违反型贿赂,即与职务行为不具有充分关联的贿赂,这种贿赂只影响不具有法益品格的廉洁性,应以纪律处分等刑法之外的方式回应。The current theories on the legal interests of bribery crimes are deeply influenced by German doctrine,which is tailor-made for the German Criminal Code and practical requirements.Since the 19th century to the present,Germany's criminal legislation on bribery has gradually abandoned the differentiated model in relation to details that affect illegal content and profit-loss relationships.It has become increasingly moralistic,formalized,and all-inclusive,which is contrary to the requirements of the rule of law.The opinions based on this are not qualified as justifying legal interests.China's anti-corruption system has a tradition of benevolence for the people,and the penalization is based on the ultimate profit-loss relationship.The doctrines of legal interests transplanted from Germany are incompatible with this system,and they cannot explain restrictions of criminalization.According to the actual interests and profit-loss relationships involved in bribery,bribery can be divided into the following three categories:bribery that infringes on the interests of a third party,that is,bribery conducted by the officer seeking improper benefits for the briber and the legal interest is the interest of the third party damaged by the official behavior;extortion bribery,where the officer extorts the counterpart by means of official behavior involving legitimate interests of the latter,and its legal interest is the property and freedom;disciplinary violating bribery,that is,bribery that is not related to definite official behavior and affects only the official integrity,which should be responded with non-criminal measures,such as discipline punishment.

关 键 词：贿赂犯罪 法益 敲诈勒索 谋取不正当利益 紧急避险 

分 类 号：D924.392[政治法律—刑法学] D262.6[政治法律—法学]