以退为进:欧洲右翼民粹政党的“去激进化”趋向  

Retreat to Advance:The"De-radicalization"of European Right-wing Populist Parties

作　　者：房乐宪[1] 孟祥毅 FANG Lexian;MENG Xiangyi

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学欧洲问题研究中心 [2]中国人民大学欧洲问题研究中心与国际关系学院

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2024年第2期87-116,I0004,共31页Chinese Journal of European Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“多重危机背景下欧盟的全球战略及其对大国外交的含义研究”(项目编号:20JJDGJW001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：近年来,欧洲右翼民粹政党在强势崛起的同时呈现“去激进化”趋向。为阐明其因果机制,本文从选举制度和政党格局入手,尝试构建一个基于复合式竞争的分析框架,并以法国国民联盟为典型案例,对右翼民粹政党的“去激进化”内涵进行阐释。概言之,在选举制度层面,选举规则激励、国家资源激励和次等选举激励触发了塑造性竞争,体现了右翼民粹政党的求异逻辑,追求与主流政党“实力相当”。在政党格局层面,竞选议题模仿、动员架构模仿、角色定位模仿触发了适应性竞争,体现了其求同逻辑,寻求与主流政党某些方面的“形象相似”。在塑造性竞争和适应性竞争双重作用下,欧洲右翼民粹政党呈现“去激进化”趋向。尽管“去激进化”在某种意义上提升了欧洲右翼民粹政党的信誉,但它具有极强的迷惑性,其本质是竞选策略的调整,而非价值理念的根本转变。这实际上体现了欧洲右翼民粹政党“以退为进”的竞选策略,即试图以意识形态和政策立场的“去激进化”为手段,达成实力提升和形象改善的双重目标,为谋求执政地位做准备。这将加剧主流政党的回应性危机和代表性危机,并可能进一步挑战欧洲国家的民主效能。European right-wing populist parties have shown a trend towards"de-radicalization"in the past years.To illustrate the causal mechanism behind such a phenomenon,this article intends to construct an analytical framework based on compound competition involving the electoral system and party structure and with the Rassemblement National as a case study.In terms of the electoral system,the stimulations from electoral rules,national resources and second-order elections have triggered the shaping competition,reflecting the logic of seeking differences and pursuing for comparable strength with mainstream parties.In terms of the party structure,the imitations related to campaign issues,mobilization structure and role position have triggered the adaptive competition,reflecting the logic of seeking common ground and pursuing for a similar image with mainstream parties in some fields."De-radicalization"is critically confusing and actually an adjustment of the campaign strategy rather than a fundamental shift in values,which can be summarized as a"retreat to advance"strategy,aiming to enhance strength and improve image for pursuing governing positions.It will exacerbate the crisis of responsiveness and representativeness faced by the mainstream parties and probably further challenge the democratic effectiveness of the European countries.

关 键 词：欧洲 右翼民粹政党 民粹主义 政党竞争 “去激进化” 

分 类 号：D75[政治法律—政治学]