一场“偶然”的闹剧——驳阿尔都塞对恩格斯“历史合力论”的批判  

A Serendipitous Farce:Rebutting Althusser’s Critique of Engels’“Historical Materialism”

作　　者：谭兴林 Tan Xinglin(School of Marxism,Wuhan University,Wuhan,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学马克思主义学院,湖北武汉430064

出　　处：《社会科学论坛》2024年第4期49-57,共9页Tribune of Social Sciences

摘　　要：恩格斯晚年历史唯物主义阐释着眼于确证经济因素在人类历史上“归根到底”的决定作用,其标志性理论成果是“历史合力论”。法国学者阿尔都塞认为,“历史合力论”并不能佐证“归根到底”观,其理由是:在历史合力论中,经济因素始终是偶然事件的外在力量而非内在本质。考察阿尔都塞的批判逻辑:在“上层建筑效能推论”中,他混淆了偶然事件与历史的偶然性,将必然性与偶然性的衔接视为必然性事件和偶然性事件的强制性结合;在“个人意志组合推论”中,阿尔都塞不仅没有意识到恩格斯语境中的经济是一个多层级概念,而且完全无视合力与客观事实、与偶然性事件的同一性,误以为合力就是经济必然性,并据此指认历史之谜的解答是偶然性规定必然性。回观阿尔都塞的批判逻辑可以窥见:他早期对恩格斯“历史合力论”的批判实质上是其晚年偶然相遇的历史唯物主义主张之先声,但种种逻辑悖论表明他只不过在《保卫马克思》中上演了一场关于“偶然”的闹剧。In his later years,Engels’exposition of historical materialism focused on affirming the decisive role of economic factors in the profound roots of human history,culminating in his landmark theory,the“historical materialist conception of history”.However,French scholar Althusser argues that this theory falls short of supporting the idea of an ultimate deterministic foundation.His contention revolves around the notion that within the historical materialist conception,economic factors persist as external forces of chance events rather than intrinsic essences.A scrutiny of Althusser’s critique logic reveals interesting insights.In the“superstructure efficiency inference”,he confounds contingent events with historical contingency,interpreting the connection between necessity and contingency as an obligatory fusion of necessary and contingent events.Within the“combination of individual wills inference”,Althusser not only neglects the nuanced layers of economics in Engels’context but also dismisses the unity of forces and objective facts,along with the identity between these forces and contingent events.He erroneously perceives force as economic determinism and,based on this,identifies the resolution of historical mysteries as contingent events determining necessity.Upon reflection,Althusser’s critique logic hints at something deeper:his early criticism of Engels’“historical materialist conception”essentially foreshadows the proposition of historical materialism concerning chance encounters in later years.Unfortunately,various logical paradoxes suggest that in Defending Marx,he merely orchestrates a farce centered on the theme of“coincidence”.

关 键 词：历史合力论 阿尔都塞 恩格斯 必然性 偶然性 

分 类 号：A1[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]