高温-蚯蚓联合处理对餐厨垃圾堆肥品质及其应用效果的影响  

Effect of Combined High Temperature-earthworm Treatment on Composting Quality of Kitchen Waste and Its Application

作　　者：郑艺欣 张博[1] 赵云[1] 赵雪 高明霞[2] 冯浩[2,3,4] 孙本华[1,4] ZHENG Yixin;ZHANG Bo;ZHAO Yun;ZHAO Xue;GAO Mingxia;FENG Hao;SUN Benhua(College of Natural Resources and Environment/Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Agriculture on Dryland in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China;College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China,Northwest A&F University,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北旱地农业绿色低碳重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [4]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《西北农业学报》2024年第6期1174-1182,共9页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFD190070402);高等学校学科创新引智计划(B12007)。

摘　　要：探究高温-蚯蚓堆肥联合处理制备餐厨垃圾有机肥的效果及其农用可行性。试验设置餐厨垃圾、牛粪和麦秸分别以干质量比3:1:1和2:2:1作为堆肥基质,采用高温堆肥和高温-蚯蚓联合堆肥两种堆肥方式进行处理,通过监测堆肥过程中的堆体温度和理化指标来评估不同处理的堆肥效果。堆肥结束后,以小白菜为供试作物进行盆栽试验,以化肥处理为对照,化肥减量20%基础上配施0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.5%和5.0%(蚯蚓粪肥与土壤质量比)的最佳蚯蚓粪肥为处理,调查不同处理小白菜的生物量和生长指标。结果表明:两种基质的高温堆肥处理均可达到无害化温度标准,但堆肥产品腐熟度较低。与高温堆肥处理相比,高温-蚯蚓堆肥联合处理的堆肥产品pH趋于中性,NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N、C/N比和总氮含量显著降低,NO_(3)^(-)-N、总磷、总钾含量显著增加,种子发芽指数和总养分的质量分数显著提高至76.8%~87.5%和7.57%~7.68%(P<0.05)。隶属函数分析法综合评价表明,高温-蚯蚓联合堆肥产品品质优于高温堆肥,且餐厨垃圾:牛粪:麦秸=2:2:1基质的堆肥效果始终优于餐厨垃圾:牛粪:麦秸=3:1:1基质。蚯蚓粪肥配施效果随配施量增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中化肥减量20%并配施1.0%蚯蚓粪肥处理的小白菜长势最好,小白菜出苗率、株高、最大叶宽、有效叶数、鲜根质量及产量较对照分别提高18.5%、5.8%、6.2%、12.5%、64.0%和14.7%。综上,高温-蚯蚓联合处理能有效提高餐厨垃圾的堆肥品质,堆肥产品符合农业有机肥料标准。推荐餐厨垃圾:牛粪:麦秸=2:2:1(干质量比)的原料配比进行高温-蚯蚓联合堆肥,并采用化肥减量20%配施1.0%蚯蚓粪肥用于小白菜生产。To explore the effect of combined high temperature-earthworm treatment on kitchen waste for organic fertilizer and assess its feasibility for agricultural use,in this experiment,the dry mass ratio of kitchen waste,cow manure,and wheat straw were selected as 3:1:1 and 2:2:1,respectively.Two composting methods were used:high temperature composting and combined high temperature-earthworm composting.The composting effects of different treatments were evaluated by monitoring the heap temperature,as well as physical and chemical indexes during the composting process.Following composting,a pot experiment was conducted with Mini Chinese cabbage as the test crop,with chemical fertilizer treatment as the control,the biomass and growth indexes of Mini Chinese cabbage were investigated under different treatments.The experiment involved applying the optimal vermicompost at ratios of 0%,0.5%,1.0%,2.5%and 5.0%(the dry mass ratio of vermicompost to soil)on basis of 20%reduction in chemical fertilizer.The results showed that the high-temperature composting treatment for both two types of substrates met standards for reaching the harmless temperature.However,the composting products exhibited low maturity.Compared with the high-temperature composting,the pH value of the combined high temperature-earthworm composting products demonstrated a tendency toward neutral pH.There were significant decreases in the NH_(4)^(+)-N/NO_(3)^(-)-N ratio,the C/N ratio,and the total nitrogen content.Conversely,there were significant increases in nitrate nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium.The seed germination index and total nutrients contents significantly increased to 76.8%-87.5%and 7.57%-7.68%(P<0.05),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation through membership function analysis showed that the compost quality from the combined high temperature-earthworm composting was superior to that from high temperature composting.The composting effect of substrates with the ratio of kitchen waste:cow manure:wheat straw=2:2:1 consistently outperforme

关 键 词：餐厨垃圾 联合堆肥 堆肥效果 蚯蚓粪肥 小白菜 

分 类 号：S141.4[农业科学—肥料学]