从“玛阿特”看古埃及人的正义观  

On the Justice Concept of Ancient Egyptians from the Perspective of"Maat"

作　　者：靳悦 JIN Yue(Faculty of History,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《内蒙古大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第3期93-98,共6页Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：讨论古埃及的“正义”问题避不开“玛阿特”一词。“玛阿特”是一个抽象概念,其内涵是多重的,可以从宇宙观、宗教学和伦理学三个角度来理解。从宇宙观的角度来说,玛阿特是一种创世时的宇宙法则,是神圣秩序;从宗教学的角度来说,玛阿特是代表秩序、公正与平衡的女神;从伦理学角度来说,玛阿特是古埃及人在日常行为中应该遵循和体现的一种伦理道德准则。古埃及人的正义观可以通过玛阿特的内涵来体现。从宇宙观角度看,古埃及人的“正义”是通过打击外族来维护自身的利益;从宗教学角度来看,古埃及人的“正义”是国王践行玛阿特,使社会稳定、远离混乱;从伦理学角度看,古埃及人的“正义”是不说假话、不作恶,死后问心无愧地接受奥西里斯审判。The term"Maat"cannot be avoided in the discussion of"justice"in ancient Egypt."Maat"is an abstract concept with multiple connotations that can be understood from three perspectives:cosmological,religious and ethical.From a cosmological point of view,Maat is a kind of cosmic law at the time of creation,a divine order;from a religious point of view,Maat is a goddess representing order,justice and balance;and from an ethical point of view,Maat is a kind of ethical and moral code that the ancient Egyptians should follow and embody in their daily behaviors.The ancient Egyptians'view of justice can be reflected through the connotation of Maat.From a cosmological point of view,the ancient Egyptians'"justice"was to protect their own interests by fighting against foreigners;from a religious point of view,the ancient Egyptians'"justice"was that the king practiced Maat to stabilize the society and keep it away from chaos;from an ethical point of view,the"justice"of the ancient Egyptians was not to tell lies,not to do evil,and to accept the judgment of Osiris with a clear conscience after death.

关 键 词：古埃及 玛阿特 宗教 正义 

分 类 号：K411.21[历史地理—历史学] B016.8[历史地理—世界史] B989.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论] B82-05