朝鲜战争时期美国对国民党“反攻大陆”议题的因应  

The Response of the United States to the Kuomintang's"Counter-Attacking on Chinese Mainland"during the Korean War

作　　者：冯琳[1] FENG Lin(Institute of Modern History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《闽台关系研究》2024年第2期107-120,共14页Research on Fujian-Taiwan Relationship

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目(21AZS011);中国社会科学院学科建设资助项目(DF2023TS11)。

摘　　要：国民党退台后,具体意义上的“反攻”军事行动精神化,成为更具政治内涵和心理激励作用的口号。美国在政府层面对国民党的“反攻”议题是审慎的,但在特殊时代背景下提高了对台湾地区防务的重视程度,且军政要员时而抛出主张助蒋“反攻”的言论。朝鲜战争爆发,中国人民志愿军抗美援朝的行动打击了美军的气焰。在麦卡锡主义横行的年代,选举政治催化下,部分美国政客主张协助国民党“打回大陆”,较大程度上这是右翼势力情绪宣泄的体现。理性分析之下,美国政府认为助蒋“反攻”几乎没有胜算,且可能引发大战。在英国等盟友推动下,美国准备谋求朝鲜半岛问题的政治解决。麦克阿瑟被免职成为美国狂热反共情绪回落的一个转折点。美方意识到,“反攻大陆”是蒋介石维持台湾地区军民士气的工具化口号,不能强行使其放弃梦想。但梦想与现实之间是有差距的,通过控制军援水平和方式以保持这个差距,是美国找到的有效方法。After the Kuomintang withdrew from Taiwan,the spiritualization of counter-attacking military action in a specific sense became a slogan with more political connotation and the function of psychological motivation.At the government level,the United States was cautious about the Kuomintang's"counter-attacking"issue,but under the special background of the times,US increased its attention to Taiwan's region defense,and military and political dignitaries sometimes put forward remarks advocating helping Chiang Kai-shek's"counter-attacking."When the Korean War broke out,the action of the Chinese people's volunteers to resist US aggression and aid Korea dealt a blow to the arrogance of the US military.In the era when McCarthyism was rampant,under the catalysis of election politics,some US politicians advocated helping the Kuomintang"fight back to the mainland."To a large extent,this was the embodiment of the emotional catharsis of the right-wing forces.Under rational analysis,the US government believed that there was almost no chance of winning in helping Chiang Kai-shek's"counter-attacking"and it might lead to a great war.Driven by Britain and other allies,the United States was ready to seek a political solution to the Korean Peninsula issue.MacArthur's dismissal marked a turning point in the decline of fanatical anti-communist sentiment in the United States.The United States was aware that"counter-attacking on Chinese mainland"was Chiang Kai-shek's instrumental slogan to maintain Taiwan's region military and civilian morale,and could not forcibly make him give up his dream.However,there was a gap between dream and reality.It was an effective way for the United States to maintain this gap by controlling the level and manner of military aid.

关 键 词：蒋介石 “反攻” 美国 朝鲜战争 

分 类 号：D618[政治法律—政治学] D675.8[政治法律—中外政治制度]