鲁迅人道主义思想的三大矛盾性及其现代思想史意义  

On the Three Contradictions of Lu Xun's Humanitarian Ideals and Their Significance for Modern Ideological History

作　　者：胡明贵 Hu Minggui

机构地区：[1]不详

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（中国现代、当代文学研究）》2023年第5期136-145,共10页MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY CHINESE LITERATURE

基　　金：国家社会科学项目“‘茅盾文学奖'获奖作品的革命叙事与革命精神谱系研究”(22xzw007)。

摘　　要：鲁迅既信仰黑格尔的一元论进化理论,将人看作自然进化的产物;又主张人“超乎群动”,将人与“群动”对立,似乎又回到人与自然相对立的二元论。鲁迅既认为保存生命是第一位的,但同时又主张“用无我的爱,牺牲于后起的新人”,保存与牺牲存在着悖论。鲁迅既同情贫苦民众,但又憎恶其中的庸众与暴民,其内心存在着爱与憎的纠结与挣扎。可见,鲁迅的人道主义存在着三大矛盾性。梳理并分析三大矛盾,可解析出鲁迅人道主义话语构成,还原出其人道主义话语体系。鲁迅的人道主义话语体系由三套话语组成:一套是进化论话语(一元论与二元论的调和),一套是个人主义唯意志论话语(由超人、精神界之战士、中国的脊梁及其对立面——奴隶、庸众、暴民、伪士、帮忙与帮闲文人等话语组成,反映出其个人主义与人道主义的调和),一套是耶稣献身精神论话语(由先觉者、父亲、肩住黑暗的闸门——十字架、“捣毁这人肉的席”等话语组成,反映其献身精神)。通过这三套话语言说,鲁迅不仅解构了中国古代文化中的伦理与道德话语体系,而且完成了自己的人道主义话语体系的建构,同时也完成了自己思想体系与中国知识分子精神的建构,因而具有中国现代思想史意义。Lun Xun is a follower of Hegel's monistic evolution theory,looking on human beings as the product of natural evolution,but in his promotion of humans"being superior to the community,he positions human individuals in the opposite of the"community behavior"in which he seems to have returned to the dualism where human beings are contradicting the Nature.Promoting the superiority of life-saving as well as advocating"making sacrifices for late-comers with selfless devotion",Lun Xun is caught in a paradox between life-saving and making sacrifices.Lu Xun shows a deep compassion for the poverty-stricken masses but disgusts the uninspired and the riotous mob among them,the struggle between love and hate existing together in his heart.Three contradictions,therefore,are found with his humanistic inclinations.An excavation and analysis of these contradictions will lead to the discovery of Lu Xun's humanistic discourse structure and restore his humanistic discourse system.His humanistic discourse system is composed of three parts,the first being the evolution discourse(the reconciliation between monism and dualism),followed by individualistic voluntarism discourse(composed of the superman,warrior of the spiritual world,China's backbones and their oppositionslaves,the uninspired masses,riotous mob,hypocrites,helper literati and idlers,a reflection of his individualism and humanism),coming last being the spiritualism discourse from the dedicated Jesus(composed of the prophets,forefathers,shouldering the shutter to darknessthe crucifix,"smashing the human flesh banquet,reflecting his devotion).With these three discourses,Lu Xun not only deconstructs the ethical and moral discourse system in ancient Chinese culture,but completes the construction of his own humanitarian discourse system together with a competition of his own ideological system and the spiritual construction of the Chinese literati community,contributing to the history of modern Chinese ideologies.

关 键 词：鲁迅 人道主义 矛盾 思想史 

分 类 号：I210.96[文学—中国文学]