思想、制度、绩效——对华洋义赈会合作社“中农化”现象的分析  

Ideas,Institutions,Performance:Analysis on the Phenomenon of"Middle Peasantization"of China International Famine Relief Commission

作　　者：周建波[1] 刘婷 Zhou Jianbo;Liu Ting

机构地区：[1]北京大学经济学院,100671

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（经济史）》2023年第2期124-142,共19页ECONOMIC HISTORY

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“东亚同文书院经济调查资料的整理与研究”(批准号:20&ZD066)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪上半叶,中国农村金融问题异常严峻。为了振兴农村经济、缓解农村资金短缺,华洋义赈会率先将德国雷发巽式乡村信用合作社“贫富相恤”的信用合作理念、制度安排与中国农村相对接,推动了中国农村由传统金融向现代金融转变。不过在运营中也出现了放款“中农化”这一违背合作社成立初衷——救济贫穷农民——的现象。本文从制度移植的渊源和制度运行的社会文化环境层面分析认为:一方面,华洋义赈会照搬当时德国雷发翼农村信用合作社社员缴纳社股的制度,这既不符合雷发巽农村信用合作社发展初期不让社员缴纳社股的史实,也忽视了中国农村严重破败、农民严重贫穷的现实;另一方面,中国近代农村具有“贫富相恤”特征的宗族制度瓦解,同一经济状况的阶级互助兴起,这跟雷发巽式农村信用合作社所依托的基督教博爱文化传统严重不匹配,推动了华洋义赈会农村信用合作社在经济理性下进一步走向“中农化”道路。China's rural financial problems were extremely severe in the first half of the 2Oth century.In order to revitalize the rural economy and alleviate the shortage of rural capital,China International Famine Relief Commission took the lead in introducing the cooperative credit concept and institutional arrangement of the German Raiffeisen type cooperative,in which the rich and the poor are compassionate,into rural China.This facilitated rural China's transformation from traditional finance to modern finance.However,a phenomenon of"middle peasantization"occured in operation,violating the cooperative's original purpose-to provide relief to poor farmers.This paper analyzes this phenomenon regarding institutional transplantation and ideological and cultural aspects.On the one hand,the China International Famine Relief Commission copied the system of social shares paid by members of the Raiffeisen Cooper-ative in Germany at the time.This is not only inconsistent with the historical fact that the members of the Raiffeisen Cooperative were not allowed to pay shares at the early stage of development,but also ignores the reality that the Chinese countryside was severely decayed,and the peasants were severely poor.On the other hand,the clan system,characterized by"rich and poor mutual sympathy"in modern China's rural areas,collapsed.Mutual aid between classes with the same economic status emerged.This was a severe mismatch with the Christian culture of the fraternity on which the Raiffeisen-type cooperatives were based,pushing the China International Famine Relief Commission coop-eratives further toward"middle peasantization"under economic rationality.

关 键 词：农村信用合作思想 雷发巽乡村信用合作社 华洋义赈会 制度移植中农化 

分 类 号：F832.9[经济管理—金融学] K26[历史地理—历史学]