经济体制改革背景下的“母职惩罚”效应——基于动态视角的分析  

A Dynamic Analysis on the Motherhood Penalty during Economic Transition in China

作　　者：赵梦晗[1] 廖凯頔 ZHAO Menghan;LIAO Kaidi(Center for Population and Development Studies,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China;School of Population and Health,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心 [2]中国人民大学人口与健康学院,北京100872

出　　处：《人口学刊》2024年第4期24-36,共13页Population Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目:高质量发展视域下中国人口均衡发展的理论建构与多维测度研究(20&ZD173)。

摘　　要：在传统社会性别分工下,生育成本和养育压力主要由女性承担,使已育女性在劳动力市场中处于劣势地位,面临“母职惩罚”,这一现象进而反过来影响女性的生育决策,成为许多国家(地区)近年来出现较低生育率的重要原因之一。已有研究显示我国女性的“母职惩罚”在中国经济体制改革的不同阶段呈现不同特点,尤其在近年来出现愈发严重的趋势。但囿于数据,已有文献大多聚焦20世纪90年代甚至是21世纪后生育的女性,鲜有研究从20世纪80年代我国市场经济改革之初开始比较各时期女性生育行为对其劳动参与产生的影响,并且大多数文献主要考察生育事件的整体影响,较少关注不同育儿阶段对女性劳动参与影响的动态变化。文章利用中国健康与养老追踪调查2014年的生命历程回顾性调查数据重构女性在生育前后的劳动就业史,运用事件研究法分析1980年之后至少生育一个孩子的女性的劳动状况在初育前后的动态变化轨迹及其在不同工作部门类型的女性间的差异。数据分析结果显示我国女性参与劳动的概率在生育一孩后呈现先下降后回升的趋势,并在生育后第2年达到最低点。生育前在企业工作并且拥有农业户口的女性受到生育带来的负面影响较大,而生育前在政府部门工作或务农的女性受到的影响较小。文章进一步使用线性概率模型和混合效应多分类逻辑斯蒂模型比较生育对女性参与劳动的负面影响在不同生育队列间的差别和不同生育阶段对女性在不同工作部门参与劳动概率的影响。研究发现:相较于在20世纪80年代生育一孩的女性,在21世纪之后生育的女性的劳动参与受到的负面影响更大。相比生育前,成为母亲后的女性在各工作部门工作的机会都有所下降,但在企业获得工作的可能性最小且受到影响的持续时间最长,在其他类型的部门获得工作的可�The traditional gender division of labor assigns the primary responsibility of childrearing and childcare to women,resulting in a disadvantaged position for mothers in the labor market,facing the“motherhood penalty”.In turn,women’s fertility intention has been affected,leading to the recent low fertility in many societies.Previous studies suggested that the motherhood penalty for Chinese women varied at different stages of economic transition and has become more severe in recent years.However,due to limited data,most literature has focused on women who gave birth in the 1990s or even after the 21st century,with scarce research comparing the impacts of giving birth on women’s labor activities since the early stages of China’s economic transition in the 1980s.Also,most studies examined the overall influence of giving births and overlooked the varied impacts across motherhood stages.Based on Life History Survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey in 2014,this study employs the event study analysis to analyze women’s reconstructed working trajectories during their first births.Results showed that women’s working probabilities decreased after giving birth till the second year after childbearing and recovered long-term.Women who worked in corporations with agricultural hukou before giving birth suffered the most profound impact.In contrast,women who worked in the government or engaged in agriculture were less affected.It further compares the effects among women in different fertility cohorts and working sectors using linear probability models and hybrid multinomial logistic regression.Compared to a woman who gave birth to her first child in the 1980s,a woman who gave birth to a child after the 21st century faced more negative effects of childbearing.Mothers were least likely to be employed in corporations,while their likelihood of working in other sectors was only affected when children were under age 3.To increase the fertility rate,the policies should effectively help women bal

关 键 词：“母职惩罚” 市场经济转型 事件研究法 生育支持 

分 类 号：C924.24[社会学—人口学]