中国劳动力市场中女性的生育惩罚研究  

Women’s Fertility Penalties in China’s Labor Market

作　　者：张娟 ZHANG Juan(College of Philosophy,Law and Political Science,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai,200234,China)

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学哲学与法政学院,上海200234

出　　处：《人口学刊》2024年第4期53-66,共14页Population Journal

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学青年规划课题:“全面二孩”政策背景下生育行为对城镇女性就业的影响机制研究(2019EJL004);安徽省高等学校科研计划重点项目:共同富裕视域下最低工资影响安徽农民工性别工资差异的演化机制研究(2022AH050201)。

摘　　要：本文依据2018年和2020年“中国家庭追踪调查”(CFPS)相关数据,采用双重差分与倾向分匹配相结合的研究方法对中国劳动力市场中已婚女性的生育惩罚问题进行研究。整体上生育对女性月收入无显著影响,但生育显著降低了女性的周工作时间和就业率,即在中国的劳动力市场中生育惩罚表现为就业惩罚效应,而未表现出生育的工资惩罚效应。从受教育程度的角度而言,与高学历女性相比,生育导致低学历女性就业率下降得更多,且工作时间下降的幅度更大,即生育对低学历组女性的就业惩罚效应更大。从不同孩次生育的角度而言,一孩的生育惩罚主要体现在就业率降低,而二孩及多孩的生育惩罚一方面表现为就业率的下降,另一方面表现为工作时间的减少。相比较于生育一孩,生育二孩及多孩的女性就业率下降的幅度较小,工作时间的调整在一定程度上可以缓解生育导致的高学历组女性就业率的下降。因此,政府部门应加强对劳动力市场的监管,保障女性享有生育假、哺乳假及生育补贴等合法权益,杜绝企业因生育而歧视女性职工甚至变相解雇女性员工最终导致生育女性被迫失业的情况;政府部门应倡导企业提高已生育女性工作时间的灵活性、完善社会抚育机构儿童照料服务供给,缓解女性的“工作-家庭”冲突,防止女性群体因育儿压力而导致主动退出劳动力市场,降低生育给女性带来的失业风险;对于被迫失业的低学历女性,政府部门应提供相应的就业培训服务,缩短低学历女性劳动者的失业持续时间;全社会倡导家庭中男性承担部分育儿责任,平衡家庭育儿分工,缓解女性的育儿负担,构建生育友好型社会。以上措施一方面有助于缓解生育导致女性就业率下降及工作时间减少的负面影响,促进女性就业和身心健康发展,另一方面有助于缓解女性劳动者“工作-家庭�Based on the data of the 2018 and 2020 China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),this paper combines the difference-in-differences method with the propensity score matching method to analyze the fertility penalties of married women in China’s labor market.The study results show that childbirth has no significant effect on women’s monthly income on the whole,but fertility significantly reduces women’s weekly working hours and employment probability,that is,in China’s labor market,the fertility penalty is manifested as fertility employment penalty,but not the fertility wage penalty effect.From the perspective of education level,compared with women with high education,childbirth leads to a greater decline in the proportion of women with low education and a greater decrease in working hours,that is,childbirth has a greater penalty effect on the employment of women in the low education group.From the perspective of different births,the fertility penalty of women having one child is mainly reflected in the reduction of employment probability,while the fertility penalty of two or more children is manifested in the decline of employment ratio on the one hand,and the reduction of working hours on the other hand.Therefore,first,government departments should strengthen the supervision of the labor market,protect the legitimate rights and interests of women,such as maternity leave,breastfeeding leave and maternity allowance,and put an end to the situation where enterprises discriminate against female employees because of childbirth or even dismiss female employees in disguise,which ultimately leads to forced unemployment of women who give birth.Second,government departments should advocate enterprises to increase the flexibility of working hours for women who give birth,improve the supply of child care services in social care institutions,allevi-ate women’s“work-family”conflicts,curb women’s voluntary withdrawal from the labor market due to childcare pressure,and reduce the risk of unemployment caused by childbirth.Th

关 键 词：生育 女性 生育惩罚 组间差异 

分 类 号：C924.24[社会学—人口学]