私益牺牲补偿请求权的构成要件与法律效果  

Constitutive Requirement and Legal Effect of the Right to Claim Compensation for the Sacrifice of Self-Interest

作　　者：韩富鹏 Han Fupeng

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（民商法学）》2023年第7期38-53,共16页Civil and Commercial Law

摘　　要：权益间发生冲突在所难免,如果为了保护价值更高的法益而不得不牺牲价值较低的法益且无法期待双方当事人自愿达成法益移转之合意,设定特别牺牲义务是更为妥当的选择。此时,应当赋予牺牲人牺牲补偿请求权,以恢复法益平衡之状态。私益牺牲补偿请求权的权利人为牺牲人、义务人为受益人,其成立需要满足受害人负有特别牺牲、受益人获得利益、两者之间具有因果关系的要件。牺牲补偿应全额填补牺牲人的损失,同时可以类推适用过失相抵、损益相抵、强迫得利等规则。《民法典》第182条第2款关于紧急避险中受害人的补偿请求权、第322条第2句中添附人的补偿请求权属于私益牺牲补偿请求权规范,但《民法典》现有的牺牲补偿规范存在明显漏洞,需要借助整体类推技术予以填补。私益牺牲补偿请求权是法定之债的重要类型之一,具有独特品性,与损害赔偿、不当得利、公平责任等债之类型存在一些相同点,但也存在明显差异。Conflicts of rights or interests are inevitable.When the legal interests of lower value have to be sacrificed in order to protect the legal interests of higher value,and it is unable to expect both parties to voluntarily reach an agreement on the transfer of legal benefits,a sacrifice obligation is a more preferable option.In this case,the victim should be given the right to claim compensation in order to restore the balance of the interests of the both parties.The right to claim compensation for sacrifice should be granted to the victim and the beneficiary,and should satisfy the requirements of special sacrifice for the victim,benefit for the beneficiary,and a causal relationship between the two.Compensation for sacrifice should fully cover the loss of the victim,and it is necessary to analogically apply the rules such as comparative negligence,offsetting profits and losses,and forced benefit.Paragraph 2 of Article 182 of the Civil Code concerning the victim's claim for compensation in emergency avoidance,and the claim for compensation of the attachment in the second sentence of Article 322 belong to the norms of the claim for compensation for the sacrifice of private interests,but in the Civil Code there are obvious loopholes about compensation norms,which need to be flled by law analogy.The right to claim compensation for the sacrifice of private interests is one of the important types of statutory obligations.It has its own unique characteristics and some similarities with other types of obligations such as damages,unjust enrichment,and equitable liability,but there are also significant differences.

关 键 词：私益牺牲补偿 特别牺牲义务 紧急避险 相邻关系 添附 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]