轻微违约下限制约定解除权之质疑  

Call in Question to Restrain the Right to Rescind the Agreement under Minor Breach

作　　者：刘凝 Liu Ning

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（民商法学）》2023年第8期75-90,共16页Civil and Commercial Law

基　　金：中国法学会民法学研究会2022年青年学者研究项目(项目编号:2022MFXH001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》第47条确立了轻微违约下限制约定解除权发生的规则。司法实践在适用该规则时主要考量“是否补正履行”“义务违反程度”“因合同关系产生的既有投入”等因素。尽管该规则在司法实践中得到全面认可,比较法上亦不乏采纳类似立场者,但其正当性值得怀疑。以实质意义上的当事人真意不能证成该规则的合理性,至多只能作为概括约定与具体约定的区分依据;由于所涉利益状况的不同,违约金酌减等司法干预规则不足以从体系评价一致性上说明该规则具有合理性;诚实信用原则虽然构成对解除权行使的限制,但不能证成轻微违约下应当一般性地限制约定解除权发生,当事人利益可能失衡的问题可以交由解除制度内外的一系列规则处理。该规则可能排斥当事人关于解除事项的特别安排并损害当事人对于法律关系确定性的信赖,因而会架空约定解除权的主要功能,《民法典》第562条未承认类似规则的做法应予肯定。According to Article 47 of No.254 in 2019 of the Supreme People's Court,the contractual right to terminate a contract is restricted under minor breach.Three major factors including the correction of breach,the degree of non-performance as well as the existing input during performance are mainly considered in the application of this rule in current judicial practice.Although this rule is widely accepted by judicial practice and similar rule or doctrine can be found in other jurisdictions,its legitimacy is actually quite questionable.Contracting parties'real intention based on commercial common sense does not suffice to justify this rule,while it may only lead to the distinction between general clause and specific clause.Given the difference in interest presumption,rules like the penalty rule are not eligible to justify the reasonableness of such a restrictive rule from the perspective of systematic coherence.Even though serving as a general limitation on the exercise of right,the principle of good faith cannot provide justification to such a rule either.Potential difficulties raised by the issue of unbalanced interest between contracting parties after termination can be tackled by a series of rules in and out of the realm of termination law.The acknowledgement of such a limitation rule under minor breach may preclude the special arrangement on termination made by contracting parties and destroy their reliance on legal relations,which will frustrate the major function of termination clause.It is worthy to be affirmed that Article 562 of Chinese Civil Code denies accepting such a rule.

关 键 词：轻微违约 约定解除权 合同解释 诚实信用原则 利益平衡 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]