论政府官员的外国刑事管辖权豁免:理论根据与规则明确  

Immunity of Government Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction:Theoretical Basis and Clarification of Rules

作　　者：韩辰 Han Chen(Nanjing Normal University,Nan Jing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《湖北警官学院学报》2024年第3期132-148,共17页Journal of Hubei University of Police

摘　　要：政府官员的外国刑事管辖权豁免可以分为人的豁免与事项豁免两种类型,两者在主体、时间以及事项范围上都有区别。从法律性质上看,人的豁免主要关注享有主体,事项豁免则关注豁免的行为对象。前者在主体范围层面,后者在事项范围层面,均不甚明晰。而且,对于管辖豁免权的本质为程序性权利还是实体法中的抗辩,学界尚存争议。通过对两种类型不同理论根据的分析,人的豁免宜以国家责任归属说为基底,在此基础上,应以国际法肯认的具有代表性功能的主体范围限定其享受主体,亦即人的豁免的享有人应仅限国家元首、政府首脑与外交部长。事项豁免则应以不干涉内政原则作为理论根据,同时将国际法中规定的犯罪与未经法院地国同意在该国领域内实施行为的情形视为例外。In the realm of international law,clarity has long been lacking regarding the parameters of immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction for government officials.This immunity can be delineated into two distinct categories:personal immunity and functional immunity,each distinguished by variances in subjects,timing,and scope.Personal immunity primarily revolves around the individuals protected by such immunity and is commonly perceived as absolute,while functional immunity pertains to the specific acts shielded from prosecution.The former exhibits ambiguity regarding the range of subjects,while the latter lacks clarity concerning the scope of the exempted actions.Moreover,an ongoing academic discourse grapples with the characterization of jurisdictional immunity as either a procedural entitlement or a substantive defense within the domain of international law.A thorough examination of the theoretical underpinnings of both forms of immunity suggests that personal immunity should find its foundation in the doctrine of state responsibility.Consequently,it should be reserved for individuals recognized under international law as possessing representative roles,including heads of state,government leaders,and foreign ministers.Conversely,functional immunity ought to be predicated upon the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs,though exceptions may be warranted for offenses delineated in international law or activities conducted within a foreign state's jurisdiction without its explicit consent.

关 键 词：刑事管辖权豁免 人的豁免 事项豁免 功能的必要说 不干涉内政原则 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]