法律儒家化未曾发生?——以家庭法制为中心  

Did the Confucianization of Law not Happen?:Take Kinship Legal Institutions as Center

作　　者：赖骏楠 景风华 Lai Junnan;Jing Fenghua

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院,上海200433 [2]四川大学法学院,成都610065

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（法理学、法史学）》2023年第7期93-108,共16页JURISPRUDENCE AND HISTORY OF LAW

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“汉唐之际的女性身份与礼律秩序”(20FFXB040)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国法律儒家化是真实发生的历史过程,该过程在家庭法制变迁中得到集中体现。先秦儒家与法家思想均蕴含父权制因素,但两派所设想的父权制精神和构造迥然有别。儒家偏好世代同居的大型联合家庭,父权在寓“尊尊”于“亲亲”的丧服制中得以弥散化。作为其他一切秩序的基础,家族具有独立价值并优先于国家权力。法家青睐父权制小家庭,父权从属于协助君主管理家庭成员、培养臣民服从性的国家理性要求,小家庭则便利政府的社会控制和赋役征发。家庭作为一种不承载伦理的管理单位,无法抵御国家权力的侵入。秦法多体现法家色彩。从汉至唐,法律明显经历儒家化改造。这种变化集中发生在与家族伦理相关的制度领域,且该领域的儒家色彩直到清代仍得到深化。受法律儒家化传统叙事重视的官贵法律特权,只是在魏晋南北朝这一皇权弱势时代得到彰显,在皇权恢复常态的后世则受严格限制。在宋以来的民事法中,父权制大家族法制逐渐向私有产权实践妥协。在重大历史变迁中,观念和意识形态的作用应受到严肃对待。The Confucianization of Chinese law was a real historical process.This process was embodied in the changes of kinship legal institutions.Both pre-Qin Confucianists and Legalists admitted patriarchal families,but the patriarchal spirits and structures envisaged by the two schools were quite different.Confucianism preferred the model of large joint families,the patria potestas was diffused in the mourning clothing system which contained both the prin-ciples of filiality and affection.To Confucianism,as the foundation of all other orders,the family had independent values and precedence over state power.Legalists favored patriarchal small families.The patria potestas was subordinate to requirements of the raison d'etat to help the monarch manage family members and cultivate the obedience of subjects,while small families facilitated the government's social control and fiscal extraction.To Legalism,as an administrative unit that did not bear ethical values,the family could not resist the intrusion of state power.The law of the Qin Empire mainly embodied the Legalist color.From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty,law obviously experienced Confucian transformation.This change was concentrated in the institutions related to kinship ethics,and the Confucian color in this field was still deepened until the Qing Dynasty.The legal privileges of officials and nobilities,which was given importance by the traditional narrative of legal Confucianization,was actually only thriving in the period of the Wei,Jin,and Southern and Northern Dynasties,when the imperial power was weak,but was strictly restricted in the later period when the imperial power was restored to normal.In the civil law since the Song Dynasty,the patriarchal family law gradually compromised to the practice of private property rights.In major historical changes,the role of ideas and ideologies should be taken seriously.

关 键 词：儒家 法家 父权制 法律 

分 类 号：D909.2[政治法律—法学理论] B22[政治法律—法学]