秦汉时期的“命罪”及其管理模式探析  

A Research on"Ming Zui"and Its Administrative Model in Qin and Han Dynasties

作　　者：邹水杰[1] Zou Shuijie

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学历史文化学院、出土文献与中国古代文明研究协同创新中心

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（法理学、法史学）》2023年第12期81-95,共15页JURISPRUDENCE AND HISTORY OF LAW

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“长沙走马楼西汉简的整理与研究”(项目编号:17ZDA181)中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项重大招标项目“中国历史上地方治理的实践及启示”(项目编号:22VLS005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：张家山汉简《二年律令·具律》中规定,鬼薪白梁罪以上逃亡的要“以其罪命之”,而耐隶臣妾罪以下就只是“论令出会之”。根据众多同类文献分析比较可知,“命”与“出会”是一组相对的概念,是地方官府针对轻重不同的罪犯逃亡采取的不同处理方式。秦及西汉时期,针对重罪逃犯,治狱吏要缺席论定“命罪”,使之成为“命者”,官府再派吏求捕。出于行政成本考虑,官府不会拘系轻罪犯,只是责令他们“出会”,即在规定日期内前来接受处罚。走马楼西汉简狱案文书表明,犯有较重刑罪或造成官府财产损失的罪犯逃亡后,地方官府首先会派吏徒求捕30日,在求捕不得的情况下,治狱吏会对案件进行缺席审判,以加重论定“命罪”的方式阶段性结案。“命罪”之后,县廷治狱吏会制作“命者”的“命籍”,并汇总成《命簿》,以便尉史或亭长继续求捕。《命簿》需要在上计时向上级汇报,接受郡国考课。而东汉简读材料显示,东汉中后期以降,官府对逃犯不再缺席论定“命罪”,而是继续派吏逐捕,显示出对罪犯逃亡的管理模式已发生了变化。In the Second Year Law(July,Ernian Lvling)of Western Hart,it stipulated that the escaped criminals of heavy offences,which were more severe than Guixin or Baican,would be sentenced to Ming Zui(Yi Qi Zui Ming Zhi),while the minor offenses would only be ordered to accept the lighter punishments(Lun Ling Chuhui Zhi).After comparison and analysis of similar documents,it was known that"Ming"and"Chuhui",which were a set of relative concepts were different treatments to various degrees of fugitives by official.In Qin and Western Han Dynasties,as for felony fugitives,officials would hold trail in absentia,convict them of criminal identity(Ming Zhe),and send officers to chase and arrest them.However,officers would not arrest the fugitives of minor offenses due to administrative costs.The records of Zoumalou Western Han Slips show that the felony fugitives needed to be searched for 30 days after they escaped away.After that,trials by default system would be held to aggravate punishments,and there would be a periodic settlement for the fugitives.The administrative method of Ming Zui would include the register records(Ming Ji)and Ming statistic books(Ming Bu),which were the evidences of official arresting the felony fugitives afterwards.The Ming statistic books must report upwards,and the county officials need to accept prefecture assessment.At the time of Eastern Han,trials by default to Ming guilty were no longer held,for the administrative model was changed in chase of the felony fugitives.

关 键 词：罪犯逃亡 命罪 阶段性结案 命籍 《命簿》 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K232[历史地理—历史学]