从信息结构的句法表现看上古汉语“吾、我”之辨  

Information Structure and the Distinction between the First-person Pronouns Wu(吾)and Wo(我)in Old Chinese

作　　者：史文磊[1] 刘莹[2] Shi Wenlei;Liu Ying

机构地区：[1]浙江大学汉语史研究中心 [2]复旦大学现代语言学研究院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（语言文字学）》2023年第6期37-56,共20页LINGUISTICS AND PHILOLOGY

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“汉语分析性词汇语法特征的历时演变研究”21BYY032);教育部重点研究基地重大项目“汉语基本词汇历史演变研究”(16JJD740015)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文在既有研究的基础上,从信息结构(焦点、话题)的句法表现对上古汉语的“吾、我”之别做了进一步的论证。对《论语》《左传》“吾、我”用例的穷尽性调查发现:(1)主语如是第一人称代词且是焦点或话题时,用“我”不用“吾”;这一点已有学者提及,本文的论证更加系统全面。(2)句子如已另有焦点或话题,主语如是第一人称代词,用“吾”不用“我”;这一点几乎无人论及,本文做了详细的分析。以上调查证明,至少在春秋后期到战国中期这段时间鲁国等地域的通用语中,“吾”和“我”在句法分布上是存在严整区别的。本文对解释上古汉语第一人称代词系统为什么纷繁多样有较大的参考价值,所得结论不但可以更加准确地揭示“吾、我”之别,还可以为追溯“吾”及其异文形式的来源提供很好的角度,同时也能为深入认识上古汉语其他人称代词提供比较重要的参考。The wu(吾)-wo(我)distinction in Old Chinese has long been a hot topic and has triggered much debate.Although Pan(2001)and Zhu(2010)have noted the role information structure may play in regulating the grammatical selection between wu and wo,they all fall short of providing adequate justification to support this claim.This paper makes a further study on the issue,and shows how the theory of information structure can help account for the distinction between wu and wo in Old Chinese.Based on an exhaustive investigation of the usage of wu and wo in Zuozhuan(左传)and Lunyu(论语),this paper finds that:i)From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the middle Warring States Period,wu and wo are in rigid complementary distribution in the state of Lu(鲁).i)Wo,but not wu,is used when the subject is in focus or functions as the topic of the sentence.ii)Wu,but not wo,is used if there is another constituent in the sentence which is in focus or functions as the topic.iv)With reference to their phonological realizations,it is argued in this paper that wo should be viewed as the default and unmarked form rather than the marked stressed form,contra Yu(1999[1949),Kennedy(1956),Zhengzhang(1987),and Pan(2001);wu,on the other hand,is the reduced form.Since the topic or focus is naturally accompanied by phonological prominence,if the first-person pronoun is the topic/focus,only the phonologically complete form,namely,wo is allowed.However,if the first-person pronoun is backgrounded,the relatively weak information status is only compatible with the phonologically reduced form wu.The findings not only contribute to a better understanding of the complicated first-person pronoun system in Old Chinese,but also shed new light on tracing back the origin of wu and its variants.

关 键 词：上古汉语 第一人称代词 “吾、我”之别 焦点 话题 

分 类 号：H141[语言文字—汉语]