上古汉语语义的虚化与双音结构的凝固——以“无乃”“无亦”“无宁”之“无”为例  

The Semantic Grammaticalization and Fixed Disyllabic Functional Words in Old Chinese:The Examples of"Wu"in"Wunai""Wuyi"and"Wuning

作　　者：胡佳佳[1] 黄易青[1] Hu Jiajia;Huang Yiqing

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学民俗典籍文字研究中心,北京100875

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（语言文字学）》2023年第8期69-84,共16页LINGUISTICS AND PHILOLOGY

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“汉语词源理论及上古汉语同源词库”(11JJD740009);国家社会科学基金冷门绝学专项学术团队项目“中国训话学的理论总结与现代转型”(20VJXT015)。

摘　　要：上古汉语中,有三种结构中的“无”用法特殊:句子谓语动词前的“无”;形容词前构成“无竞”“无”“无赢”的“无”;虚词“无乃”“无亦”“无宁”中的“无”。前人对这三种结构中的“无”没有统一的意见,也没有从语义演变或虚化的角度讨论过这些“无”间的关系。上述“无”的不同用法其实具有内在语义上的一致性。第一种结构中的“无”是表频仍义的频率副词,与其词源意义有关;由频仍义引申为“重、再”义,所以第二种结构中的“无”是双音实词结构中表数量持续增加或状态延伸的语素;第三种结构中的“无”是基于反复出现的历史经验和自然规律表推测、判定语气的语素。这三种用法中“无”的意义是层层虚化的,同时由“无”组成的双音结构也变得越来越凝固。In Old Chinese,there are three special structures in which"Wu"is used:"Wu"+verb;"Wu"+adj.to form"Wujing","Wuyi"and"Wuying";the fixed disyllabic functional words"Wunai","Wuyi"and"Wuning".There is no common explanation of the"Wu"in these three structures,and no discussion on their relationships from the perspective of semantic evolution or grammaticalization.This paper reviews the three usages of"Wu"mentioned above,and discovers the grammaticalized process of"Wu".In the first structure,"Wu",as a frequency adverb,means frequently.In the second structure,"Wu",as a morpheme,indicates the continuous increase of amount or extension of a state.In the third structure,Wu",as a morpheme,expresses the tone of speculation and judgement based on the repeated historical experience and natural laws.This paper links the three usages of the"Wu"above with its etymological meaning,explores the different stages of"Wu"from the free word with concrete meanings to the morpheme in fixed disyllabic functional words,and finds that the grammaticalization took place step by step.

关 键 词：实词虚化 每 无 无乃 无亦 无宁 

分 类 号：H131[语言文字—汉语]