“二十一条”与日本侵华战争  

"Twenty-one Demands"and Japan's War of Aggression against China

作　　者：臧运祜[1] Zang Yunhu

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（中国现代史）》2023年第1期133-146,共14页CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF CHINA

基　　金：国家社科基金2018年度重点研究项目“‘二十一条’与近代中日关系研究”(18AZS013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：日本自1915年提出对华“二十一条”并逼签“大四条约”以后,虽然在一战结束后被迫归还了中国的山东主权,但又拒绝了中国政府的废约要求,继续坚持并努力实现其既定要求。日本对此可谓是念念在兹,必欲得之。九一八事变后,日本政府首次向南京政府提出了要求承认其“二十一条”与“大四条约”的要求,作为双方直接谈判的重要条件之一;伪满政权成立后,日本先以“日满密约”再以《日满议定书》,将“二十一条”要求中的“满蒙权益”完全确立下来并加以继续扩大。华北事变期间,日本外交当局在发起的与南京政府的两次谈判中,无论广田三原则还是具体要求,均包括了甚至于超出其“二十一条”中未得之要求。发动全面侵华战争以后,日军在华北、华中地区扶植愧圖政权,并派驻大量日本顾问进行控制;汪精卫集团投敌之后,日本通过“日汪密约”与《日华条约》的签订,继续巩固与扩大了包括“二十一条”在内的更多侵华要求。“二十一条”不但是日本发动十五年侵华战争的“远因”之一,也是其侵华政策要求的重要内容,它亦随着日本的战败投降而告结束。Since Japan proposed the"Twenty-One Demands"and forced the signing of the"Sino-Japanese Treaty of the fourth year of TaiShou"in 1915,though Japan was forced to return China's sovereignty over Shandong after the end of World War I,it rejected the Chinese government's request for annulment of unequal treaties,and continue to try to achieve its original requirements.Japan could be said obsessed with this goal,and try to make all the efforts to obtain it.After the September 18th Incident,the Japanese government for the first time asked Nanjing government to recognize"Twenty-One Demands"and"Sino-Japanese Treaty of the fourth year of TaiShou"as one of the important conditions for direct negotiation with China;since the establishment of the puppet Manchurian regime,through firstly the"Japan-Manchuria Secrete Covenant",and then the"Japan-Manchuria Protocol",Japan completely finalized and further expanded the"rights and interests of Manchuria and Mongolia"in the"Twenty-one Demands".During the"North China Incident",in the two negotiations with Nanjing government initiated by the Japanese diplomatic authorities,whether it was the Three Principles of Hirota or the specific requirements,they all included and even exceeded the requirements not obtained in the"Twenty-one Demands".After launching its full-scale war of aggression against China,the Japanese army established puppet regimes in both North and Central China,and sent a large number of Japanese advisers to control them;and after the surrender of the Wang Jingwei Group,Japan continued to consolidate and expand more demands beyond the"Twenty-one Demands"for the aggression against China through the signing of the"Secret Agreement between Japan and Wang Jingwei"and the Sino-Japanese Treaty"."Twenty-one Demands"was not only one of the causes"for Japan to launch the 15-year war of aggression against China,but also a crucial part of its aggression policy,it came to an end with Japan's defeat and surrender.

关 键 词：“二十一条” 日本侵华战争 九一八事变 华北事变 汪伪政权 

分 类 号：E313[军事—军事理论] D829.313[政治法律—政治学] K26[政治法律—外交学]