中国古代边疆政策的“内政本位”取向  

The"Domestic Focus"Orientation of Ancient Chinese Frontier Policies

作　　者：赵现海[1] ZHAO Xian-Hai(Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院古代史研究所

出　　处：《中华民族共同体研究》2024年第2期109-125,M0007,共18页Journal of the Chinese Nation Studies

基　　金：中国社会科学院研究阐释中华民族现代文明重大创新项目“中华文明‘五个突出特性’的历史维度、内在逻辑和发展脉络研究”(2023YZD036)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国古代在开展战争、制定边疆政策时,具有从政治视角出发,全盘考虑的“政治本位”取向。这一过程是国家或者王朝的“政治公利驱动”、不同部门或政治群体的“政治私利驱动”以及潜在的“政治文化驱动”三种驱动力互动与平衡的结果。皇帝在中央集权政治体制中处于至高无上的地位,在边疆政策制定中,拥有打上自身烙印的历史突破能力。中国古代核心地带生态环境较为优越,由此发展出发达的农业经济,构成了中国古代中原王朝的经济基础,而进行农业生产的编户齐民构成了中国古代中原王朝的统治基础。与此相应,中国古代中原王朝施政的首要目标与政治重心,是保障核心地带民众的基本生存,维持农业生产与政权稳定,从而形成了“内政本位”取向。“内政本位”取向注重内政与治边之间的平衡,注意限制战争的规模,避免由于征发大量人口、增加赋役负担而造成内政问题。这种取向有力推动中华文明长期保持突出的和平性。Ancient China,in conducting warfare and formulating frontier policies,had a comprehensive"political-centric"orientation,starting from a political perspective.This process resulted from the interaction and balance of three driving forces:"political public interest-driven"by the state or dynasty,"political private interest-driven"by different departments or political groups,and the underlying"political-cultural-driven"dynamics.The emperor held supreme authority in the centralized political system,leaving an indelible mark on formulating frontier policies.The ecological environment in the central region of ancient China was relatively superior,leading to the development of advanced agricultural economies,which formed the economic foundation of the central plains dynasties.The peasant households engaged in agricultural production constituted the ruling basis of the central plains dynasties.Correspondingly,the primary goal and political focus of governance by ancient Chinese central plains dynasties were to ensure the basic survival of the people in the core region,thereby maintaining agricultural production and political stability,forming a"domestic focus" orientation.This orientation emphasized a balance between internal affairs and border governance,with attention to limiting the scale of warfare to avoid internal issues caused by large-scale conscription or increased burdens on the populace.This orientation significantly contributed to the long-standing peaceful nature of Chinese civilization.

关 键 词：边疆政策 大战略 内政本位 民本思想 和平性 

分 类 号：K22[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史] D092[政治法律—政治学]