认知术语学视角下中药材命名研究——以《海药本草》为例  

Exploring the Naming of Chinese Herbal Medicine from the Perspective of Cognitive Terminology:Case Study on Oversea Materia Medica

作　　者：蒋向勇[1] 卢小玲 JIANG Xiangyong;LU Xiaoling

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学外国语学院,江西南昌330022

出　　处：《中国科技术语》2024年第3期3-12,共10页CHINA TERMINOLOGY

基　　金：江西省社会科学“十四五”规划项目“认知术语学视角下中医药术语翻译研究”(23YY06);江西省高校人文社科项目“英汉新冠肺炎隐喻的批评认知语言学研究”(YY22107)。

摘　　要：为揭示中药材命名背后的认知机制,促进其翻译的规范化,通过对《海药本草》收录的131种药材命名方式进行分类和量化统计,发现其中86种药材主要基于入药部位、形状、音译、传说、功效、生长环境、生长特性、颜色、产地等单一特征命名,另45种药材则整合“音译+气味”“产地+气味”“形状+气味”等两个或多个特征命名。文章认为药材无论是基于单一特征命名还是整合多个特征命名,都是用突显、易辨认、易感知的部分特征来代替整体,反映了概念转喻在药材命名中的重要作用。当单个特征不足以界定药材时,人们会无意识地整合多个特征来命名,体现出概念整合在中药材命名中的普遍性。此外,人们往往借助所熟知的事物与药材在形状或功效上的相似性来命名,体现了概念隐喻在中草药命名中的作用。入药部位、形状、药效、气味、产地等与药材的功效和辨认密不可分,因此会被突显出来用以命名。《海药本草》以收录海外药为主,在命名中直接音译最为省力,这使得音译命名方式占据比例也较高。To elucidate the cognitive mechanisms behind the nomenclature of Chinese medicines and to promote the standardization of their translation,we conducted a classification and quantitative statistical analysis of the naming patterns for 131 medicines in Oversea Materia Medica.Our results revealed that 86 medicines were named by single characteristics such as medicinal parts,shapes,trans-literations,folklores,efficacies,growing environment,growing characteristics,colors,and places of origin.The remaining 45 medi-cines were named by integrating two or more characteristics such as“transliteration+odor”“place of origin+odor”or“shape+odor”.Whether named based on singular characteristics or through the integration of multiple features,the naming of medicinal mate-rials involves the employment of most prominent,easily recognizable,perceptible features to substitute the whole,reflecting the sig-nificant role of conceptual metonymy in the naming of medicinal materials.When a single characteristic is insufficient to define a me-dicinal material,people will unconsciously integrate multiple features for naming,showcasing the universality of conceptual integra-tion in the naming of Chinese herbal medicines.Furthermore,people often rely on the similarity between familiar objects and medici-nal materials in terms of shape or efficacy for naming,further illustrating the role of conceptual metaphor in the naming of Chinese herbal medicines.Medicinal parts,such as shapes,efficacies,odors,places of origin,etc.,are closely related to the efficacy and i-dentification of medicine;therefore,they are highlighted and used for naming purposes.Since the Oversea Materia Medica is mainly a collection of overseas medicines,the direct transliteration is the most effortless in naming,which makes the proportion of translitera-tion naming method higher as well.

关 键 词：中药命名 概念转喻 概念整合 概念隐喻 《海药本草》 

分 类 号：H083[语言文字—语言学] R282[医药卫生—中药学]