锂离子电池电解液环境友好研究  

Environmental Friendliness Study of Electrolyte of Lithium-ion Battery

作　　者：陈朝阳 CHEN Zhaoyang(Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School,Shenzhen 518055,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学深圳国际研究生院,深圳518055

出　　处：《集成技术》2024年第4期98-107,共10页Journal of Integration Technology

摘　　要：典型的锂离子电池电解液采用等摩尔比例的碳酸乙烯酯和碳酸甲乙酯构成的混合溶剂,每1 L混合溶剂加1 mol的锂盐(LiPF6)。理论计算表明,典型比例的电解液在28℃的饱和蒸气压浓度为不燃浓度。试验测试证明,在28℃下,砂轮打磨不锈钢棒产生的机械火花、灶具点火器的13 kV电火花、燃烧的烟头不能点燃典型比例的电解液。在理论推算和实践中,电解液燃烧的主要产物是水和二氧化碳,有害物质含量少。电解液品质要求:氢氟酸质量分数不超过10-5,遇水形成氢氟酸质量分数不超过4%。在《危险废物鉴别标准通则》(GB 5085.7—2019)中,这种低浓度的氢氟酸为环境无害物质。根据《建设项目环境风险评价技术导则》(HJ 169—2018):要选择容积最大的单桶溶剂来计算形成的氢氟酸,不得超过1 t的临界值。电解液桶有两种容积,即每桶200 kg或每桶1 t,泡水形成的氢氟酸为8 kg或40 kg,低于临界值1 t,对应环境风险潜势为I,评价等级为简单分析方式。The typical lithium-ion battery electrolyte was mixed with equal molar ratio of ethylene carbonate and methyl ethyl carbonate as solvent,added 1 mol of lithium salt LiPF6 in 1 L solvent.Theoretical calculations showed that the saturation vapor pressure concentration of typical electrolytes at 28℃was at non combustible concentration;experiments verified that at 28℃,the mechanical sparks generated by grinding stainless steel rods with grinding wheels,the 13 kV electrical sparks from stove igniters and the burning cigarette butts could not ignite the electrolyte.The main products of electrolyte combustion in theory and practice were water and carbon dioxide,with low levels of harmful substances.The weight content of hydrofluoric acid was less than 10-5 in quality standard,was less than 4%when the electrolyte encountering with water;based on Chinese national standard GB 5085.7-2019 Identification standards for hazardous waste General rules,this low concentration of hydrofluoric acid was environmentally friendly substance.Based on the industry standard HJ 169-2018 Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects,the critical value of hydrofluoric acid was 1 ton.Based on the standard,the biggest volume of one tank was 200 kg or 1 ton,hydrofluoric acid when the electrolyte encountering water was less than 8 kg or 40 kg what was not exceeded the critical value,so the corresponding environmental risk potential was type I,and the evaluation level was a simple analysis method.

关 键 词：锂离子电池 环境 电解液 六氟磷酸锂 氢氟酸 

分 类 号：TB34[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]