河北低平原适水粮饲模式构建及综合效益评价  

Different water saving grain-forage rotations and comprehensive benefit assessment in the low plains of Hebei Province

作　　者：杨晓琳 王语萌 石恒煜 李庆祥 王显国[2] 杜太生[1] YANG Xiaolin;WANG Yumeng;SHI Hengyu;LI Qingxiang;WANG Xianguo;DU Taisheng(College of Water Resources&Civil Engineering/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China;College of Grassland and Technology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院/农业水资源高效利用全国重点实验室,北京100083 [2]中国农业大学草业科学与技术学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业大学学报》2024年第7期181-192,共12页Journal of China Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32071975,52239002);国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1900401,2022YFD1900801)。

摘　　要：为推进“粮改饲”进程与发展节水农业,构建适水型种植制度,本研究以水资源短缺的河北沧州为研究对象,聚焦饲草作物和粮食作物,首先利用作物需水模型SIMETAW系统量化1961—2020年沧州地区6种主要饲草作物(夏播高粱、青贮玉米、饲用燕麦、饲用谷子、粮食作物冬小麦和夏玉米)的需水量及灌溉需水量,对比分析各作物需水量的时间变化规律及作物间差异,评估作物需水量的主要气象影响因素;后采用ROTAT模型建立了5种多样化粮-饲及饲-饲轮作制度,基于Entropy-TOPSIS对不同轮作模式的等价产量、生物量、经济效益、蛋白产出、生育期及周年需水量与降水耦合度进行综合评价。结果表明:1)这6种作物的年均生育期需水量表现为冬小麦(463.5 mm)>夏玉米(366.2 mm)>夏播高粱(354.6 mm)>饲用燕麦(351.7 mm)>青贮玉米(341.8 mm)>饲用谷子(322.4 mm)。2)各作物年均生育期灌溉量表现为冬小麦>饲用燕麦>谷子、夏玉米、夏播高粱。青贮玉米生育期灌溉需水量最低为106.7 mm。3)近60年来各作物需水量呈下降趋势,主要由太阳辐射、风速的下降导致。4)相比传统麦玉模式,饲用燕麦基的一年两熟模式生育期需水量降低14.9%~18.8%、灌溉需水量降低15.1%~19.2%。5)饲用燕麦基的饲草模式(饲用燕麦-青贮玉米(0.73)、饲用燕麦-饲用谷子(0.63)、饲用燕麦-夏播高粱(0.54))的综合评价指数均明显高于冬小麦-夏玉米(0.32)和冬小麦-夏播高粱(0.37)模式。因此,本研究建议在兼顾粮食生产的同时,适当发展饲-饲模式,对当地水资源的可持续利用及产能有重要意义。In order to promote the process of"grain to feed"and develop water-saving agriculture,a waterappropriate planting system should be constructed.This study focused on forage crops and food crops in Cangzhou,Hebei Province,where water is scarce.This study employed the SIMETAW model to quantify the water requirements(ETc)and irrigation demands(ETaw)of main forage crops(forage oats,silage maize,millet and summer sorghum)and staple grain crops(winter wheat and summer maize)from 1961 to 2020,analyzed the interannual variation trend of ETc of different tested crops and revealed the effect of meteorological factors on crop ETc during the past 60 years.The ROTAT model was further used to design five newly diversified forage-based crop rotations and assessed the comprehensive benefit index(CBI)based on Entropy-TOPSIS when considering equivalent yield,biomass,economic benefit,protein yield,water requirements and precipitation coupling degree of different crop rotations.The results showed that:1)The annual average ETc of six crops sorted from high to low is winter wheat(463.5 mm)>summer maize(366.2 mm)>summer sorghum(354.6 mm)>forage oats(351.7 mm)>silage maize(341.8 mm)>millet(322.4 mm).2)Winter wheat had the highest annual average ETaw,followed by forage oats,millet,summer maize,summer sorghum while silage maize had the lowest ETaw.3)The annual ETc of six crops showed the decline trend from 1960 to 2020.The correlation analysis showed that solar radiation,sunshine and weed speed had the significant positive effect on ETc.4)Compared to the conventional wheat-maize rotation,the forage oats-based rotations decreased ETc during the growth season by 14.9%to18.8%and lowered the ETaw by 15.1%to19.2%.5)The CBI of forage oats-based rotations(0.54 to 0.73)were obviously higher than winter wheat-based rotations(0.32 to 0.37)based on Entropy-TOPSIS.Therefore,it is important to develop the forage crop-based rotations while considering food production for the sustainable water resources management and capacity in Cangzhou area.

关 键 词：饲草作物 需水量 灌溉需水量 节水粮饲模式 节水种植结构 

分 类 号：S344[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]