论外国国家侵权行为的管辖豁免  

On Jurisdictional Immunity for the Tortious Acts Committed by Foreign States

作　　者：纪林繁 JI Linfan

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学 [2]青岛大学

出　　处：《国际法学刊》2024年第2期1-31,155,共32页Journal of International Law

摘　　要：受到限制豁免主义的影响,一国在因其侵权行为导致的损害赔偿诉讼中不得援引管辖豁免已逐渐被各国接受。但是,各国在对外国国家侵权诉讼的管辖权问题上仍存在不同的立场。这主要表现在两个方面:其一,按照限制豁免主义的要求,在侵权诉讼中一国法院能否对另一国的主权行为行使管辖权;其二,在针对外国国家的侵权诉讼中,一国法院行使管辖权需要具备多大程度的属地联系。在国际法发展的现阶段,因外国主权行为造成的侵权在国内法院仍享有管辖豁免。国内法院在对外国侵权行为行使管辖权时必须具备充分的领土联系。中国在《外国国家豁免法》第9条规定了对外国国家侵权的管辖豁免例外。这一例外所针对的主要是外国国家非主权行为所致的侵权案件。在行使管辖权的条件方面,第9条强调了侵权行为实施地对于确定管辖权的决定意义,从而限定了中国法院对外国国家侵权案件行使管辖权的空间。在执行问题上,这部立法表现出一定的绝对主义倾向,它采取的“与诉讼有联系”的表述在很大程度上缩减了可供执行的国家财产的范围,这可能使那些在侵权诉讼中胜诉的私人一方当事人在执行程序中遇到障碍,它在一定程度上会抵消私人一方将外国侵权诉诸法院的意愿。Influenced by the doctrine of restrictive State immunity,it is gradually accepted by States that a State should not invoke State immunity in its tortious acts before the court of another State.However,different States still have different positions on the issue of jurisdiction of infringement against a foreign State.This is mainly reflected in two aspects:Firstly,according to the restrictive immunity,whether a court of one State have the right to exercise jurisdiction over the sovereign acts of another State in an infringement litigation;Secondly,to what extent of territorial connection is required for a court of one State exercises jurisdiction over another State in an infringement litigation.At the current stage of international law development,the infringements caused by sovereign acts of a foreign State still enjoy jurisdictional immunity in national courts.National courts must have sufficient territorial connections when exercising jurisdiction over a foreign State for its torts.The Article 9 of Foreign State Immunity Law of China provides exceptions to jurisdictional immunity for infringement committed by foreign States.This exception mainly targets the infringement cases caused by non-sovereign acts of a foreign State.In terms of the conditions for exercising jurisdiction,the Article 9 emphasizes the decisive role of the place where the infringement act is committed in determining jurisdiction,thereby limiting the space for Chinese courts to exercise jurisdiction over infringement cases by foreign States.In terms of enforcement procedure,this legislation exhibits a certain degree of tendency towards absolute immunity.The wording it adopted that‘related to the litigation'greatly reduces the scope of executable State property.This may cause obstacles in the enforcement process for private parties who have won in infringement lawsuits.It will to some extent offset the private party's willingness to bring a foreign State's infringement to a national court.

关 键 词：国家侵权行为 管辖豁免 限制豁免论 领土联系 《外国国家豁免法》 

分 类 号：D997[政治法律—国际法学]