全球近期“非典型”海啸源事件机制分析及其对南海海啸研究的启示  

Analysis of recent atypical tsunami source events worldwide and their implications for tsunami research in the South China Sea

作　　者：李琳琳 胡桂 王伟涛 张坎 杜朋 李志刚 王培涛[2] 王大伟 邱强 张培震 Linlin Li;Gui Hu;Weitao Wang;Kan Zhang;Peng Du;Zhigang Li;Peitao Wang;Dawei Wang;Qiang Qiu;Peizhen Zhang(Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai),School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Sun Yat-sen University,Zhuhai 519080,China;National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources(National Tsunami Warning Center,Ministry of Natural Resources),Beijing 100081,China;Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Sanya 572000,China;CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,Guangzhou 510301,China)

机构地区：[1]中山大学地球科学与工程学院,南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东省地球动力作用与地质灾害重点实验室,珠海519080 [2]国家海洋环境预报中心,北京100081 [3]中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所,三亚572000 [4]中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,中国科学院南海海洋研究所,广州510301

出　　处：《科学通报》2024年第18期2480-2497,共18页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：环南海地质过程与灾害创新团队;南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)创新团队建设项目(311021002);广东省引进人才创新创业团队(2021ZT09H399);国家自然科学基金(41976197)资助。

摘　　要：2018年以来,全球发生了多起“非典型”海啸源事件,其中包括2018年9月印度尼西亚Sulawesi岛Mw 7.5走滑地震在Palu湾引发的灾害链事件、2018年12月印度尼西亚巽他海峡Anak Krakatau海啸事件、2020年10月欧洲东爱琴海Samos岛北部海域Mw 6.9正断层地震海啸事件和2022年1月15日南太平洋汤加火山海啸事件等.目前科学家对这些“非典型”海啸源触发海啸机制与过程的认知非常有限,现有灾害防御系统也很难对这些“出人意料”的极端灾害事件作出及时响应,从而造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失.本文针对“非典型”海啸事件的触发机制深入剖析,揭示地震导致沿岸/海底砂土液化,继而触发滑坡并产生海啸的链生效应;沿海特殊岸线形态;火山剧烈活动引起的大气-海洋-火山固体物质多相耦合作用等是“非典型”海啸源触发机制复杂化的主要原因.这些机制挑战了海啸形成需伴随海域地震造成的大规模垂向形变这一传统认识,发现海域的正断型和走滑型地震、陆地近岸地震、剧烈火山喷发均可触发链生海啸灾害.结合我国南海及其周边海域的构造特征与历史“非典型”海啸源事件分析,文章指出了南海“非典型”海啸源(南海北部板内地震、周缘火山等)分布特点和致灾机制,提出未来南海“非典型”海啸源灾害的重点研究方向.Since 2018,several“atypical”tsunami events have occurred globally.These events include the 28 September 2018 Palu Bay tsunami in Sulawesi,triggered by a Mw-7.5 strike-slip earthquake,which led to more than 4300 deaths;the 22 December 2018 tsunami event,caused by the flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait,Indonesia,that killed 437 people;the 30 October 2020 Samos tsunami event in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin,the largest since 1956,originating from the Mw 6.9 normal fault earthquake located in the northern Samos Island to the east of the Aegean Sea;the 2022 Tonga tsunami event generated by the VEI 5 explosive eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano in the South Pacific;and the 2023 Turkey-Syria tsunami event triggered by the onshore strikeslip earthquake which induced a 40-cm wave amplitude.Currently,scientists have limited understanding of the generating mechanisms and physical processes of these“atypical”tsunami sources,and existing disaster response systems are unable to react promptly to these“unexpected”extreme events,resulting in casualties and economic loss.Hence,this paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the triggering mechanisms of these“atypical”tsunami events.Factors contributing to the formation of these“atypical”tsunamis and their complexities include the formation of landslide tsunamis from the cascading effect of earthquakes-induced liquefaction of coastal/submarine sand,distinct coastal morphology and complex coupling effect of atmosphere-ocean-land interactions accompanied by intense volcanic activities.These findings challenge our conventional understanding that tsunami generation requires large-scale vertical deformation,which is commonly associated with submarine earthquakes.With this newfound knowledge,strike-slip earthquakes,onshore earthquakes near the coast,and intense volcanic eruptions can all be classified as potential tsunami sources due to the chain effect.A careful review of historical documents detailing the major ear

关 键 词：海啸灾害 致灾机制 板内地震 火山活动 链生效应 

分 类 号：P731.25[天文地球—海洋科学]