比附与罪刑法定:历史、理论与实践  

Bifu and the Principle of Legality in Criminal Law:History,Theory,and Practice

作　　者：黄源盛 Huang Yuansheng

机构地区：[1]不详

出　　处：《荆楚法学》2024年第2期15-33,共19页Jingchu Law Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“晚清民国及当今两岸判例文化的承与变”(项目编号:19AFX004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：传统中国,刑事规范与司法审判中的“比附”,系指“按同类事例比照处理”之意。申言之,在律令无明文规定或是规定不明确的情况下,允许援引最相类似的条款或先前判决的案例来定罪量刑的制度。时至晚清,在外迫与内铄的双重压力下,进行了一场世纪的变法修律,终于对传统的“比附”旧制作了重大的改革,引进了近代欧陆型严格意义的“罪刑法定主义”,而其司法实践则在民初的北洋政府大理院及南京国民政府“最高法院”时期获得了初步的表达与体验。如果以“限制君权”和“适当的法律程序”为标准,帝制时期的中国法自无所谓“罪刑法定”可言。但若以近世权力分立中对司法权的限制言,则历代中国刑律中的规定或有暗合之处。中国旧律在形式上的确也曾试图想建构所谓“法定罪刑”的理念与格局,不过,纵观整体,在司法实际运作上仍无近代严格意义的实质罪刑法定可言。In traditional China,the concept of"Bifu(比附)"in criminal norms and judicial adjudication refers to the practice of"handling cases based on similar precedents".This prac-tice means that,in the absence of explicit provisions or ambiguous regulations in the legal code,it is permissible to invoke analogous provisions or precedents from previous judgments to determine guilt and sentencing in a case.During the late Qing Dynasty,under the dual pres-sures of external coercion and internal dilemma,a century-long legal reform was carried out,which resulted in significant changes to the traditional"Bifu"system.The principle of legality in the strict sense,influenced by European legal systems,was introduced in this reform.The judicial practice,after reforming,was initially expressed and experienced during the early Re-publican period in the Beiyang Dali Yuan and the Supreme Court in Nanjing.While the imperi-al legal system may not have strictly adhered to the principles of"limiting imperial power"and "appropriate legal procedures",there were elements in various dynastic criminal laws that a-ligned with limitations imposed on judicial power,which coincided with"the principle of legali-ty"in some level.Although attempts were made to establish the concept and framework of"the principle of legality",an examination of the overall judicial operation reveals a lack of substan-tive adherence to this principle in strict sense.

关 键 词：比附 罪刑法定 类推适用 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学]