《海商法》修改背景下船舶所有权变动的法律解释论——以法律规范相互融贯之展开  

The Law Interpretation of the Change of Vessel Ownership under the Background of Amend of Maritime Law——the Development of Legal Norms Is Consistent with Each Other

作　　者：董泽瑞 Dong Zerui

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2024年第2期129-141,共13页Journal of International Economic Law

摘　　要：我国《民法典》第225条与《海商法》第9条是关于船舶所有权变动一般规则的现有立法,二者虽然都采取了“登记对抗”的立法模式,但均未明确船舶所有权变动的生效要件,学界和司法裁判对此存有分歧,而在“登记对抗”的第三人范围方面也存在“善意与否”的冲突。《买卖合同司法解释》第7条规制船舶多重买卖,该条规范在法解释上存在诸多疑问。为使船舶所有权变动规范群下的规范相互融贯,在法解释论方面,“以交付为船舶所有权变动的生效要件”为逻辑起点,明确“登记对抗”的实质是在船舶所有权变动未予登记时赋予善意第三人否定出卖人和买受人之间发生所有权变动的权利;《海商法》第9条中的第三人应限定为“善意”,且“善意”宜通过反面排除的方式界定,即“排除存在恶意欺诈的第三人”;发生船舶无权处分时,第三人能否取得所有权,需要经过“登记对抗+善意取得制度”的检验。同时,应明确船舶所有权的多重买卖包括无权处分和有权处分,区分不同情形阐释司法解释确定的所有权归属规则的逻辑构成。Article 225 of the Civil Code and Article 9 of the Maritime Law are the existing legislation on the general rules of ship ownership change.Although they both adopt the legislative mode of“registration antagonism”,they do not specify the effective conditions of ship ownership change.There are differences between the academic community and judicial judgment on this,and there is also a conflict of“good faith or not”in the scope of the third party of“registration antagonism”.Art.7 of The Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law for Sales Contracts regulates multiple sales of ships.There are many questions in the interpretation of this article.In order to make the norms under the regulation group of ship ownership change conform to each other,in the aspect of legal interpretation,“taking delivery as the effective condition of ship ownership change”is the logical starting point.“Registration antagonism”essentially gives the third party the right to deny the ownership change between the seller and the buyer.The third party in Article 9 of the Maritime Law should be limited to“good faith”,and“good faith”should be defined by negative exclusion,that is,“excluding a third party with malicious fraud”.In case of unqualified disposition,whether the third party can finally acquire the vessel ownership needs to go through the test of“registration antagonism&bona fide acquisition system”,and whether the third party can constitute the double standard of“possession&registration”suitable for bona fide adoption.At the same time,it should be clear that the multiple assignments of vessel ownership includes the qualified disposition and the unqualified disposition and it is necessary to analyze the logical composition of the ownership rules determined in Art.7 of The Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law for Sales Contracts.

关 键 词：船舶所有权变动 登记对抗 善意取得 多重买卖 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学] D922.294[政治法律—法学]