气候变化所致损失和损害的国家责任  

State Responsibility to the Loss and Damaages Caused by Climate Change

作　　者：边永民[1] Bian Yongmin

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2024年第4期110-121,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项项目(21VMG042)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：气候变化既造成了一些无法修复的损失,也造成了一些尚可修复的损害,最易受气候变化影响的脆弱国家承担了与它们的排放量完全不成比例的损失和损害。国际法并不一般性地禁止温室气体的排放,但如果一国排放的温室气体给其他国家造成了跨界损害,则应该按照国际法不加禁止的行为所致损害结果的国际责任规则承担责任,其中,发展中国家的温室气体排放,属于为生存和发展所必需的合法排放;另一方面,国家排放温室气体的行为并非在任何情况下都符合国际法,如果国家的排放行为违反了《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《巴黎协定》,或者违反了习惯国际法中的禁止损害规则,都应该按照国际不法行为导致的国际责任规则承担责任。气候变化所致损失和损害的国家责任中的关键问题是各国责任之比例的确定和责任分摊办法,这一问题必须同时考虑各国现在的排放和工业化以来的历史排放予以确定。Climate change caused some loss that cannot be repaired and some damages that can be repairable.The states most vulnerable to climate change suffer loss and damages which completely disproportionate to their emissions.International law does not prohibit emission of greenhouse gases generally.But if the emission causes transboundary harm to other states,the emitters should be responsible for the damages in accordance with the international rules of state responsibility for the harmful consequences caused by acts not prohibited by international law.Of these,greenhouse gas emissions from developing countries are legitimate emissions that are necessary for survival and development.On the other hand,a state's emission of greenhouse gases may not conform with international law in all cases.If a country's emission violates the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement,or violates the no harm rule in customary international law,it should be responsible for its international wrongful acts.The crucial issue in the responsibility for loss and damages caused by climate change is the proportionality and division of responsibilities among states.This issue cannot be avoided in future negotiations on“financial arrangements for loss and damage related to the adverse effects of climate change”.

关 键 词：气候变化 国际法不加禁止的行为 损害责任 国际不法行为 

分 类 号：D996.9[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]