中国司法语境下无限额罚金刑适用研究  

Study on the Application of Unlimited Fine Penalty in the Context of ChineseJustice

作　　者：张佳华 Zhang Jiahua

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法律硕士学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2024年第4期156-165,共10页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“公正司法视域下罚金刑自由裁量的边界与程序控制研究”(23YJC820051);中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队支持计划资助项目(24CXTD10)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：罚金刑在量刑体系中作为生命刑和自由刑之外最重要、适用最普遍的刑罚,其适用规范性和均衡性问题应受关注,无限额罚金刑在罚金刑适用的占比过半,且更加“无章可循”,存在的问题更为突出。定量研究发现,无限额罚金刑适用呈现不均衡状态。以诈骗罪为例,罚金刑适用的不均衡性具体表现为总体上罚金刑数额呈现非正态分布,罚金数额高度集中,未充分体现案件差异;且随着法定刑幅度的提升,罚金刑不均衡性增大,少数案件罚金刑畸高。从时间维度来看,样本统计的八年间罚金数额没有明显增长或下降,未呈现罚金刑惩罚力度变化。从地区维度来看,罚金刑适用呈现明显的地区不均衡性,往往经济欠发达地区比经济发达地区罚金刑更重。除了犯罪数额,其他法定或酌定量刑情节对罚金刑的预测解释作用较小。在定性研究中,通过对刑事审判法官访谈调研发现,无限额罚金刑适用存在刑事司法理念对罚金刑适用普遍不够重视、罚金刑适用缺乏统一的实体性裁判标准、罚金刑自由裁量的程序控制机制失灵、罚金刑个别化的实现方式模糊不清等制度性问题。As the most important and widely-used form of punishment in the sentencing system besides life punishment and freedom punishment,fine penalty,whose problems on normalization and equilibrium should be paid attentions to during its applicable processes.Unlimited fine penalty takes more than 50%in the application of fine penalty and shows off more“ruleless”,which means more prominent issues.By quantitative research methods,it is found that unlimited fine penalty is in an imbalanced status.Taking the crime of fraud as an example,the imbalance in the application of fine penalty is manifested in such a circumstance.The amount of fine punishment presents as non-normal distribution overall,and the amount of fine is highly concentrated,which hasn't reflect the case differences fully;besides,with the increasing of the statutory punishment range,the imbalance of fine penalty also enlarged,even in a few cases,the amount of fine penalty is malformed high.From the perspective of time dimension,there was no significant increase or decrease in the amount of fines in sample statistics through eight years,which hasn't shown the change on the punishment force.Change to the regional perspective,it shows a significant regional imbalance in the application of fine penalties,usually leading to heavier fines in economically undeveloped areas compared to the developed ones.Except for the criminal amount,other statutory or discretionary sentencing circumstances have less relationship on the predictive and explanatory effect of the fine penalty.In qualitative research,by the interviews with criminal trial judge it is found that the application of unlimited fine penalty has institutional issues,such as less attention paid to the application of fine punishment in the criminal judicial ideas,the lack of unified substantive judgment standards in the application of fine penalty,the inoperative of the procedural control system on discretion of fine penalty,and the ambiguity in the way to achieve individualized fine penalty.

关 键 词：量刑规范化 无限额罚金刑 自由裁量 量刑个别化 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]