多场调控金属激光增材制造研究现状与展望(特邀)  

Research Status and Prospect of Multi-Field Modulated Metal Laser Additive Manufacturing(Invited)

作　　者：高海瑞 李继康 张振武 郑可盈 向泓澔 魏青松[1] Gao Hairui;Li Jikang;Zhang Zhenwu;Zheng Keying;Xiang Honghao;Wei Qingsong(School of Materials Science and Engineering,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学材料科学与工程学院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《中国激光》2024年第10期91-113,共23页Chinese Journal of Lasers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFB1105301);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(YCJJ20230359);国家自然科学基金(52275333,51775207,51701078,51905193,52201040);中国航空制造技术研究院稳定支持项目(KZ571801)。

摘　　要：激光增材制造可实现高性能金属复杂构件整体化成形,在航空航天、汽车、医疗等领域具有广阔应用前景。但是,高斯激光作用产生不均匀温度场、极高的温度梯度以及不稳定的流场,导致飞溅、球化、气孔、残余应力和裂纹等缺陷及各向异性的微观性能,影响了该技术更广泛的应用。光束矫形和场辅助原位调控激光增材制造过程是控制缺陷产生的有效方法。综述了国内外在光束矫形以及热、磁和超声多场调控金属激光增材制造领域的研究进展,重点揭示外场-激光-材料-组织-性能间的作用机理,并对多场调控金属激光增材制造未来发展进行了展望,可为金属激光增材制造的高性能调控提供有益参考。Significance Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)technology uses a focused highenergy laser beam as the heat source to achieve integrated forming of complex metal components,avoiding the complex postprocessing steps of traditional processing techniques and achieving high forming efficiency,which makes it have broad application prospects in aerospace,automotive,medical and other fields.The metal additive manufacturing process based on laser and powder mainly includes two types:selective laser melting(SLM)and laser directed energy deposition(LDED).LAM has been widely used in the forming of various metal materials,including aluminum alloys,titanium alloys,copper alloys,nickelbased superalloys,magnesium alloys,steel,and so on.Due to the current widespread use of Gaussian laser in laser additive manufacturing technology,the peak intensity generated in the focusing area is very high.When laser interacts with metal powder,the widthtodepth ratio of the melt pool is small and there are large temperature gradient and cooling rate.The instability caused by complex melt flow dynamics and the accumulation of repeated heating and cooling cycles are prone to keyholes,splashing,spheroidization,residual stress,cracks,and anisotropic microstructures,which seriously affect the strength,toughness,and fatigue resistance of formed components in turn.Modifying the alloy composition or adding strengthening phase particles can effectively eliminate the cracks and anisotropic columnar crystal structure in metal samples. It should be noted that component modification may cause pitting corrosion and reduce the corrosion resistance of the alloy, and the addition of strengthening phase particles to the alloy may lead to particle agglomeration and poor bonding between the strengthening phase and the matrix interface. Heat treatment is an effective method to eliminate cracks and defects in LAMpreparedsamples. However, heat treatment further prolongs the preparation time and increases the complexity of the forming process.Laser shaping and external

关 键 词：激光技术 激光增材制造 光束矫形 磁场 热场 超声场 

分 类 号：TH164[机械工程—机械制造及自动化]