覆盖栽培对旱地春玉米耗水特性的影响  

Effects of mulch pattern on water use characteristics and yield of dryland spring maize

作　　者：刘庆 马建涛 柴雨葳 柴守玺[1] 吕莹莹 程宏波[2] 常磊[1] LIU Qing;MA Jiantao;CHAI Yuwei;CHAI Shouxi;LYU Yingying;CHENG Hongbo;CHANG Lei(Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science,Agronomy College,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China;College of Life Science and Technology,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃农业大学生命科学与技术学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《甘肃农业大学学报》2024年第3期145-153,共9页Journal of Gansu Agricultural University

基　　金：甘肃农业大学干旱生境作物学重点试验室主任基金项目(GSCS-2019-Z05)。

摘　　要：【目的】探讨覆盖方式对旱地春玉米产量及耗水特性的影响,以期为半干旱区玉米高效及绿色生产提供理论支撑。【方法】在陇中旱作区设置秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、白膜双垄沟覆盖(BM)和黑膜双垄沟覆盖(HM)和露地平作(CK)4种栽培方式。【结果】与CK相比,SM、BM和HM处理下春玉米播种~成熟期0~200 cm土壤水分增加2.6%~20.9%;各生育时期间,增墒幅度SM以抽雄吐丝期最大,BM和HM均以苗期最大;不同土层间,SM、BM和HM增墒幅度分别以60~120、60~120和120~200 cm土层最大。覆盖处理较对照降低了春玉米全生育期耗水量5.1%,其中SM处理均降低了春玉米生育前期(播种期-拔节期)、中期(拔节期-灌浆期)和后期(灌浆期-收获期)耗水,降幅为2.4%~50.0%,而地膜覆盖(BM和HM)降低了生育前期和后期的耗水量,而增加了中期的耗水。与CK相比,覆盖均能显著增加春玉米籽粒产量22.9%~34.9%和水分利用效率33.1%~39.7%,增幅分别以BM和SM处理最大。相关分析发现,春玉米籽粒产量与穗粒数(r=0.922**)和百粒质量(r=0.833**)高度相关。【结论】在西北旱作区,应用秸秆带状覆盖能明显增墒、增产,显著降低耗水而增加水分利用效率,是适宜旱地玉米生产的可行措施。【Objective】 To investigate the effects of different mulching methods on the yield and water use characteristics of spring maize in drylands,in order to provide theoretical support for efficient and environmentally friendly maize production in semi-arid regions.【Method】 Four cultivation methods including straw strip mulch(SM),white film mulch on double ridge(BM),black film mulch on double ridge(HM) and open field without mulch(CK) were established in the dry farming area of Longzhong.【Result】 Compared with CK,SM,BM and HM treatments showed an increase of 2.6%~20.9% in 0~200 cm soil moisture during spring maize sowing to maturity.At each growth stage,the amplitude of soil moisture increase was highest in tasseling and silking stage in SM,while BM and HM were highest in seedling stage.Among different soil layers,SM,BM and HM increased soil moisture the most in 60~120 cm,60~120 cm and 120~200 cm soil layers respectively.Compared with the control,the mulching treatment reduced water consumption by 5.1 % in the whole growth period of spring maize,and the SM treatment reduced the water consumption of spring maize in the early growth stage(sowing-jointing stage),middle growth stage(jointing stage-filling stage) and late growth stage(filling stage-harvest stage),by 2.4%~50.0%,while the plastic film mulching(BM and HM) reduced the water consumption in the early and late growth stages,and increased the water consumption in the middle growth stage.Compared with CK,mulching significantly increased grain yield by 22.9%~34.9% and water use efficiency by 33.1%~39.7%,with BM and SM treatments having the largest increase.Correlation analysis showed that grain yield of spring maize was highly correlated with spike number(r=0.922**) and hundred grain weight(r=0.833**).【Conclusion】 Straw strip mulching can increase soil moisture and yield,reduce water consumption and increase water use efficiency,which is a feasible measure for maize production in the drylands of northwest China.

关 键 词：秸秆带状覆盖 地膜覆盖 春玉米 耗水特性 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]