明代汉籍记录甘青藏族部落与茶马贸易的联系  

The Relationship between the Chinese Records of Tibetan Tribes in Gansu and Qinghai and the Tea and Horse Trade in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：蓝图 LAN Tu

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系,广州510275

出　　处：《中国藏学》2024年第2期72-84,214,215,共15页China Tibetology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“明清以来河西走廊水利文献集成整理与研究”(项目编号:22&ZD225)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在明代,汉籍文献对甘青地区的藏族部落有着系统性的记录,其背后的途径是茶马贸易的开展。洪武时期,设立茶马金牌贡赋制度,部分拿到金牌的藏族部落被当作赋役单位被汉籍记录下来。在明中期之后,西海蒙古的崛起使得金牌贡赋制度难以施行。弘治时期开始改革,茶马贸易的性质开始由国家贡赋向自发市场进行转变。随着茶马贸易自发性的增强,加上金牌制度的宽松化,明朝对藏族部落的记录增多,在文献《边政考》上形成了记载甘青地区达三百多个藏族部落的表格。但从地方视角出发,甘州地区的案例揭示了这种记录途径的复杂性,一是改革后的茶马贸易产生了不同茶马司主导的不同市场,茶马司的经营状况会影响对具体地区藏族部落的记录;二是除茶马贸易以外,卫所等其他明代制度也会影响对当地藏族部落的记录方式。文章从明代汉籍文献出发,通过讨论明代对藏族部落的系统记录,揭示明中央政府对甘青藏族部落的认识途径,从而说明明中央政府和藏族地区之间明显的统属关系以及茶马贸易等经济活动上的紧密联系。In the Ming Dynasty,Chinese documents systematically recorded the Tibetan tribes in the Gansu and Qinghai regions,and the reason behind this was the development of the tea and horse trade.During the Hongwu period,the tribute system of tea and horse was set up based on the gold medal,and some Tibetan tribes that received gold medals were recorded in the Chinese documents as taxation units.After the mid-Ming Dynasty,the rise of the Xihai Mongols made it difficult to implement the gold medal tribute system.The reform began in the Hongzhi period,thereafter the nature of the tea and horse trade had been changed from state tribute to a spontaneous market.As the spontaneity of the tea and horse trade increased and the gold medal system was relaxed,the records of Tibetan tribes in the Ming Dynasty increased,and a table was formed in Bianzheng Kao边政考to record as many as 300 Tibetan tribes in Gansu and Qinghai.However,from the local perspective,the case of Ganzhou reveals the complexity of this recording approach.First,the reformed tea horse trade created different markets dominated by different tea-horse agencies,and the operation status of the tea-horse agencies could affect the records of Tibetan tribes in specific areas.Second,in addition to the tea and horse trade,the Weisuo卫所and other institutions of the Ming Dynasty would also affect the records of local Tibetan tribes.The article starts from the Chinese literature of the Ming Dynasty,discusses the Ming Dynasty's systematic records of Tibetan tribes,reveals the Ming central government's understanding of the Tibetan tribes in Gansu and Qinghai,and explains the obvious subordinate relationship between the central government and Tibetan areas in the Ming Dynasty,as well as the close links in economic activities such as the tea and horse trade.

关 键 词：明代 甘青地区藏族部落 金牌信符 茶马贸易 

分 类 号：K289[历史地理—历史学]