冷战语境中的1961年美国黑人自由乘车运动及其影响  

The 1961 Freedom Rides in the Cold War Context and Its Influence

作　　者：谢国荣 Xie Guorong

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系,上海200241

出　　处：《四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第4期131-145,215,216,共17页Journal of Sichuan University：Philosophy and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“美国民权运动史”(22&ZD252)。

摘　　要：1960年,肯尼迪在总统大选中的一系列民权改革承诺、大量非洲国家的独立以及入座运动的成功,刺激了美国民权运动直接行动的发展。1961年春,争取种族平等大会的领导人詹姆斯·法默发起自由乘车运动。与之前的民权斗争不同,自由乘车运动招募富有牺牲精神的志愿者,深入美国南部腹地州,挑战州际交通中的种族隔离。该运动利用冷战的国际语境,在美国种族隔离最严重的地区造成一种危机四伏的局面,引起国际社会的广泛关注。自由乘车运动的开展,恰逢肯尼迪总统第一次出国访问,将与苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫会谈之际,这迫使极为重视冷战外交的肯尼迪政府不得不回应美国黑人的民权诉求,废除州际交通中的种族隔离。自由乘车运动表明,在冷战中制造民权危机,不仅能在种族隔离严重的南部腹地州获胜,还可以迫使美国政府把民权改革放到重要的议事日程上。这对民权运动的参与者来说是一种巨大的鼓舞,并推动民权斗争进一步激进化。In the decades before the 1960s,African Americans had to abide by racial segregation regulations and laws in public transportation.This brought inconvenience and humiliation to their traveling.They fought for a long time to break the racial segregation in public transportation.By the early 1960s,the domestic and international environment for African Americans to fight for civil rights had undergone important changes.In 1960,the success of the sit-in movement marked the entry of the American civil rights movement into the stage of large-scale direct action.In the same year,17 African countries gained independence,and a wave of national liberation movements swept across Africa.At the same time,Kennedy made a series of promises for civil rights reforms in the 1960 presidential election.All these further inspired the development of civil rights movement.In the spring of 1961,James Farmer,the leader of the Congress for Racial Equality,launched the Freedom Rides.Unlike previous civil rights struggles,the Freedom Rides recruited volunteers with a spirit of sacrifice to go deep into the Deep South to challenge racial segregation in interstate transportation.The Freedom Rides took advantage of the international context of the Cold War and used civil rights internationalism discourse as a weapon to engage in a direct confrontation with white segregationists.Its strategy of struggle was to try to use international dimension of the American racial issue in the Cold War to create a crisis-packed situation in the most segregated areas,thus bringing American racial issue to the international stage,attracting widespread attention from the world,and then forcing the federal government to put pressure on state governments to abolish racial segregation in interstate transportation.To achieve this,the Freedom Rides were more radical than previous civil rights struggles.The Freedom Riders set the routes in the Deep South,travelling through the most segregated states such as Alabama and Mississippi,making the civil rights crisis even

关 键 词：冷战 自由乘车运动 争取种族平等大会 直接行动 危机局面 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学]