水生生物环境DNA监测技术的发展、应用与标准化  

DEVELOPMENT,APPLICATIONS,AND STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DNA MONITORING TECHNOLOGY FOR AQUATIC ORGANISMS

作　　者：谷思雨 陈凯 金小伟[2] 李文攀[2] 陈晓飞 熊晶 汤敏喆 姜传奇 熊杰 李涛[1] 张琪[1] 崔永德[1] 曾宏辉[1] 何舜平[1] 王业耀[2] 缪炜[1] GU Si-Yu;CHEN Kai;JIN Xiao-Wei;LI Wen-Pan;CHEN Xiao-Fei;XIONG Jing;TANG Min-Zhe;JIANG Chuan-Qi;XIONG Jie';LI Tao;ZHANG Qi;CUI Yong-De;ZENG Hong-Hui;HE Shun-Ping;WANG Ye-Yao;MIAO Wei(Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,China;China National Environment Monitoring Center,Beijing 100012,China;Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences,Wuhan 430072,China;Hubei Ecological Environmental Monitoring Central Station,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉430072 [2]中国环境监测总站,北京100012 [3]湖北省生态环境科学研究院,武汉430072 [4]湖北省生态环境监测中心站,武汉430072

出　　处：《水生生物学报》2024年第8期1443-1458,共16页Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica

基　　金：科技基础资源调查专项(2022FY100400);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0604);国家自然科学基金(U22A20454)资助。

摘　　要：水生态系统是保障国家生态安全的重要基础。水生生物在水生态系统中扮演着核心角色,是研究水体演变的重要依据,是维护水生态健康的关键。传统水生生物调查和监测通常采用形态学方法,但其存在专业知识要求高、难以标准化和自动化及费时耗力等缺陷。环境DNA(Environmental DNA,简称eDNA)技术是一种通过监测环境中存在的DNA片段来识别特定生物物种的方法,可以实现基于水体中DNA分子进行水生生物的鉴定和监测,为水生生物的常态化监测提供了一个准确、便捷、可标准化和自动化实施的方案。文章介绍了eDNA技术的基本原理,总结回顾了eDNA技术从萌芽到广泛科研应用的发展历史和过程,介绍了基于eDNA的宏条形码和宏基因组等各类水生生物鉴定监测技术;阐述了eDNA技术在保护种、入侵种及生物类群监测和水生态评估等各领域的应用;分析了eDNA技术当前面临的物种参考序列数据库不完善等各类挑战;提出了通过优化完善数据库、样品采集方法、评价指标和参数、样品保藏、数据分析和存储等来推动eDNA技术标准化和自动化,以解决当前面临的挑战。同时,基于eDNA技术当前的发展阶段,提出了在我国水体结合专业形态分类鉴定开展水生生物eDNA技术标准化监测的实施建议。Aquatic ecosystems play a pivotal role in ensuring national ecological security by serving as a fundamental foundation.Within these ecosystems,aquatic organisms occupy a central position,acting as crucial indicators for studying the evolution of water bodies and preserving aquatic ecological health.Traditional surveys and monitoring of aquatic organism have typically relied on morphological methods,which suffer from limitations such as high expertise requirements,standardization and automation difficulties,and time-consuming processes.Environmental DNA(eDNA)technology offers a promising alternative.This method identifies specific species by detecting DNA fragments present in the environment.By leveraging DNA molecules in water,eDNA technology provides an accurate,convenient,standardized,and automated approach for routine aquatic organism monitoring.This review introduces the basic principles of eDNA technology,summarizes the development history,and process of eDNA technology from its inception to widespread research applications.Furthermore,it explores various aquatic organism identification and monitoring technologies based on eDNA,including eDNA barcoding and metagenomics.The application of eDNA technology spans various fields,encompassing species conservation,invasive species monitoring,and aquatic ecological assessment.However,the review also addresses challenges confronting eDNA technology,such as the incompleteness of species reference sequence database.To tackle these challenges,the review suggests optimizing and enhancing databases,refining sample collection methods,and improving evaluation indicators,sample preservation,data analysis,and storage.Additionally,recommendations are provided for the standardized and automated implementation of aquatic organism eDNA monitoring in China,taking into account the current stage of development in eDNA technology.

关 键 词：环境DNA技术 标准化 水生生物监测 宏条形码测序技术 宏基因组测序技术 eDNA数据库 

分 类 号：S932[农业科学—渔业资源]