黄河形成于何时?  

When was the Yellow River Formed?

作　　者：林旭 刘静[3] 刘海金 尚敏[1,5] Lin Xu;Liu Jing;Liu Haijin;Shang Min(College of Civil Engineering and Architecture,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China;Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China;Institute of Surface-Earth System Science,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China;College of Geographic Science,Harbin Normal University,Harbin 150025,China;Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Ministry of Education,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443002,China)

机构地区：[1]三峡大学土木与建筑学院,湖北宜昌443002 [2]三峡大学三峡地区地质灾害与生态环境协同创新中心,湖北宜昌443002 [3]天津大学地球系统科学学院,天津300072 [4]哈尔滨师范大学地理科学学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150025 [5]三峡库区地质灾害教育部重点实验室(三峡大学),湖北宜昌443002

出　　处：《地球科学》2024年第6期2158-2185,共28页Earth Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(Nos.41972212,42030305);三峡库区地质灾害教育部重点实验室(三峡大学)开放研究基金(No.2023KDZ14);湖北省楚天学者人才计划(No.8210403)资助。

摘　　要：河流是塑造地表地貌的重要地质营力之一.认识大河的发育历史有助于提高人类对大河利用的效率和生态保护,从而更好地促进人类社会的发展.黄河是中华民族的母亲河,百余年来国内外研究者对其开展了广泛的研究,但对黄河何时形成及其具体的演化过程等问题至今都没有清晰的答案.鉴于此,本文在前期已经取得的研究结果基础上,广泛搜集和整理国内外研究者已发表的资料,重建黄河在新生代的演化过程,结果表明:青藏高原东北段古近纪发育沿着高原边界纵向流动的原黄河;中新世祁连山东段发育相互平行的河流汇入沉积中心陇西盆地,在晋陕峡谷北部和南部出现流向不同的大型河流,渤海湾盆地和南黄海盆地此时还未出现黄河物质,黄河在中新世进入分段演化阶段;上新世黄河已经连通西宁盆地、兰州盆地、银川盆地和河套盆地,而贵德盆地和共和盆地依然存在内流水系,此时黄河上游还未深入青藏高原东北段更深的腹地.晋陕峡谷南北异向的黄河格局依然存在.三门峡盆地仍然被大型古湖占据,黄河物质未出现在渤海湾盆地和南黄海盆地.上新世是黄河完成最后连通的重要转折阶段;早更新世黄河完成上游、中游和下游的连通,类似现今串联青藏高原、黄土高原和华北平原,东流入海的黄河此时形成.在晚更新世,受气候变化的影响,黄河各段进入新一期演化过程,局部河道再次被古湖占据,在降水丰沛期完成各河道的再次连通.构造和气候的共同作用对黄河的发育具有重要影响.河流水系腹地高大地形的维持是水系发展的前提条件之一.尤其是中新世和上新世祁连山东段的隆升,塑造了黄河在青藏高原的河流基本形态.鄂尔多斯高原周围的贺兰山、阴山和秦岭的隆升,造就了银川、河套和渭河这些深大地堑,在气候干旱期成为限制黄河全线贯通的重要因素.第四Rivers are one of the important geological forces that shape the land surface.Understanding the development history of big rivers is helpful for us to improve the efficiency of using big rivers,so as to promote the development of human society.The Yellow River is the mother river of China.Researchers have conducted extensive research on it in the past hundred years,however,there is no clear answer to the question of when it was formed and the specific evolution process.In view of this,on the basis of our previous research results,this paper extensively collected and collated the data published by domestic and foreign researchers to reconstruct the evolution process of the Yellow River during the Cenozoic era.The results show that:The proto-Yellow River,which flowed along the plateau boundary,developed in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau in the Paleogene.In the Miocene,the eastern Qilian Mountains developed parallel rivers flowing into the depocenter of Longxi basin,and large rivers with different flow directions appeared in the north and south parts of the Jinshan Gorge.The Yellow River had not yet appeared in the Bohai Bay Basin and the South Yellow Sea Basin during the Miocene.The Yellow River entered the stage of segmental evolution in this time.In Pliocene,the Yellow River had already connected Xining basin,Lanzhou basin,Yinchuan Basin and Hetao basin,while Guide basin and Gonghe basin still had internal flow system.At this time,the upper reaches of the Yellow River had not penetrated into the deeper hinterland of the northeast section of the Tibetan Plateau.The Jinshan Gorge still has the Yellow River flowing south into Weihe basin and north into Hetao basin,respectively.The Sanmenxia basin is still occupied by large ancient lakes,and the Yellow River material does not appear in the Bohai Bay basin and the South Yellow Sea basin.Pliocene is an important turning stage for the Yellow River to complete its final connection.In the early Pleistocene,the Yellow River connected the upper,middle and lowe

关 键 词：黄河 构造活动 气候变化 物源示踪 阶地 古近纪 中新世 上新世 更新世 第四纪地质 环境地质 

分 类 号：P641[天文地球—地质矿产勘探]