科技争议面纱之下的社会运动结构——《运动中的科学:中国水电、转基因与核能争议中的知识控制与社会角力》评介  

The Social Movement Structure Under the Science and Technology Controversy Veil——A review of Science in Movements:Knowledge Control and Social Contestation in China’s Hydropower,GMO and Nuclear Controversies

作　　者：杨正 YANG Zheng(The School of Communication,Soochow University)

机构地区：[1]苏州大学传媒学院

出　　处：《科学与社会》2024年第2期137-148,F0003,共13页Science and Society

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“角色嬗变与重构:数字媒体时代科学传播的主体生态研究”(23FXWB015)。

摘　　要：对于STS研究而言,科技争议的社会运作机制仍旧像是一个“黑箱”。看似相似的科技争议往往会引发完全不同的社会结果,而有些看起来完全不同的科技争议却又能引发相似的社会反应。为了探讨科技争议的具体运作机制,贾鹤鹏从“政治机遇结构”框架出发,结合“社会运动”“碎片化威权主义”“知识控制体制”等理论对中国自改革开放后出现的水电、转基因、核能三大科技争议进行细致地剖析。研究表明,科技争议作为一场“社会运动”,能否最终获得社会关注、支持或反对,其核心在于立场不同的政治行动者在现存的政治机遇结构中的角力。贾鹤鹏所秉持的政治核心的分析视角在一定程度上挑战并补充了科技争议STS分析路径中的“知识-认知”视角传统,具有明显的东亚STS色彩。且这一将社会学、政治学与STS相融合的研究理路较之当前大多科技争议的研究更显立体与宏观。但作者对于政治学框架的过度依赖也在一定程度上弱化了科技争议特殊的知识-认知属性。过于详尽资料的堆积也使得作者的观点显得隐晦,不够浅明。For STS research,the operational mechanism of scienceandtechnology controversies remains like a‘black box’.Seemingly similar scienceandtechnology controversies often lead to completely different social outcomes,while some seemingly completely different technological controversies can trigger similar social reactions.In order to explore the operational mechanism of scienceandtechnology controversies,especially in the Chinese context,Jia Hepeng starts from the framework of‘political opportunity structure’and combines theories of‘social movement’,‘fragmented authoritarianism’,and‘knowledge control regime’to analyze in detail the three major scienceandtechnology controversies in China,namely hydropower,genetically modified organisms,and nuclear energy.Based on a large amount of detailed first-hand recourses,Jia Hepeng believes that whether one scienceandtechnology controversy,as a‘social movement’,can ultimately gain social attention,support,or opposition depends on the struggles of political actors with different positions in the existing political opportunity structure.The political core analysis perspective upheld by Jia Hepeng challenges and supplements the traditional‘knowledge-epistemology’perspective in the STS analysis path of scienceandtechnology controversies to a certain extent,with a clear East Asian STS feature.Andsuchresearch approach,which integrates sociology,political science,and STS,is more comprehensive and macroscopic than most current research on scienceandtechnology controversies.However,the author’s over-reliance on the political framework also weakens the special knowledgecognitive attributes of scienceandtechnology controversiesto some extent.The accumulation of overly detailed information also makes the author‘s viewpoints appear obscure and not straightforward enough.

关 键 词：科技争议 社会运动 政治机遇结构 碎片威权主义 知识控制体制 

分 类 号：G301[文化科学]