危机应对与转型升级:俄罗斯关于国家安全威胁认知的演进——基于五个版本安全战略报告的分析  

Crisis Response and Transformation:The Evolution of Russia's Perception of National Security Threats--Analysis Based on Five Versions of Security Strategy

作　　者：张建[1] ZHANG Jian

机构地区：[1]外交学院外交学与外事管理系,北京100037

出　　处：《东北亚论坛》2024年第4期91-109,128,共20页Northeast Asia Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目(19CGJ007)。

摘　　要：苏联解体三十多年来,俄罗斯面临的国际环境和国家安全形势不断变化。为此,俄罗斯官方颁布了五版国家安全战略领域的纲领性文件。随着国际形势不断变化,俄罗斯面临的地缘政治局势日益紧张,俄罗斯国家安全战略逐渐转型与升级,《俄罗斯联邦安全构想》升级为《俄罗斯联邦国家安全战略》,俄对自身的国家利益有了更为清晰和全面的认知。在统筹安全与发展方面,普京上台至乌克兰危机爆发前,俄罗斯一直尝试通过经济现代化实现国家战略。乌克兰危机后,应对与解决安全问题、各种威胁因素再度成为俄罗斯面临的首要工作。2021年7月,俄罗斯发布新版《俄罗斯联邦国家安全战略》,这是俄罗斯决策者对国际形势判断而形成的纲领性文件,也影响着未来一段时间俄罗斯国家安全战略的大致走向。不同版本的国家安全战略文件的变化、特点及其成因体现了俄罗斯对地缘、周边、国际环境的回应,也使得俄罗斯对自身国家安全、国家利益有了更清晰的界定,并将在未来国际秩序塑造、国家战略倚重、对外行为的武力成分方面展现其诉求。剖析俄罗斯安全观念的认知变化对于理解当下的俄乌冲突、辩证认识安全与发展的关系具有启发作用。Over the past three decades since the collapse of the Soviet Union,the international environment and national security situation faced by Russia has been changing.In response,Russia has issued five versions of documents on national security strategy.After the beginning of the Putin era,the Russian Security Concept was upgraded to Russia's National Security Strategy.Facing increasingly tense geopolitical situation,with the transformation and upgrading of Russia's National Security Strategy,Russia has a more comprehensive understanding of its national interests.In terms of overall security and development,Russia had tried to achieve national development through economic modernization since Putin took office until the outbreak of the crisis in Ukraine.After the outbreak of the crisis in Ukraine,coping with security issues and various threats has once again become Russia's primary task.In July 2021,Russia released a new version of the National Security Strategy,which is formed by Russian policymakers'new judgment of current international situation and outlines the general trend of security strategy in the coming future as well.The changes,characteristics,and causes of different versions of the national security strategy documents reflect Russia's response to the geopolitical and international environment.The transformation process also provides Russia with a clearer definition of its own national security and interests,and will demonstrate its demands in shaping the future international order,relying on national strategy and the use of force in foreign behavior.The analysis of the changes in Russia's security concept is instructive for understanding the current Russia-Ukraine conflict and dialectically understanding the relationship between security and development.

关 键 词：俄罗斯对外政策 国家安全战略 安全与发展 俄乌冲突 大国安全观 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]