中华民族共同体起源的自然与文化人类学分析  

Natural and Cultural Anthropological Analysis of the Origin of the Chinese National Community

作　　者：李辉[1,2] Li Hui

机构地区：[1]复旦大学生命科学学院 [2]复旦大学现代人类学教育部重点实验室

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2024年第4期5-22,140,共19页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家民委民族研究重点项目(铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究专项)“中国分子人类学研究最新动向和趋势”(2020-GMZ-012);欧洲研究委员会(ERC)重大项目“探究甘青地区语言和人群混合”(ERC-2019-ADG,TRAM-883700)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：不同于西方民族国家,中国的各民族之间有着千丝万缕的联系,组成天然而紧密的中华民族共同体。现代人在东亚已繁衍了近5万年,最初从事狩猎采集的原始人群如何聚合成民族系统、演化出文明,这是研究中华民族共同体起源的关键问题。从多个学科的视角可以观察到,东亚现代人群呈现明显的“五瓣”内部结构:在语言学方面,主要有汉、藏缅、阿尔泰、侗傣、苗瑶语系(族);在考古学方面,主要有红山、仰韶、高庙、龙山、良渚文化;在古史传说方面,《尚书序》等认为中华民族起源于伏羲、神农、黄帝、少昊、颛顼五大部族;在遗传学方面,Y染色体最大的扩张单倍群是Oα、Oβ、Oγ、C2、O1a。以DNA为纽带,可以大致串联起上述视角,揭示中华民族共同体起源于五大原始族群在新石器时代中晚期的融合与演化。Relationships among ethnic groups in China are quite different from those among nationalities in western Eurasia,Africa,or the Americas.The Chinese ethnic groups are closely related to each other,forming a strong community naturally.Tracing their origin,we all know that modern human has resided in East Asia for around 50,000 years.How those early hunter-gatherers aggregated into ethnic groups and subsequently developed the civilization is a key issue in studying the origin of the Chinese national community.Combining studies of both natural science and social science,we discovered that the modern East Asian population displays a five-division subgroup structure.In linguistics,it divides into Han,Tibeto-Burman,Altaics,Kra-Dai,and Hmong-Mien linguistic groups.In Neolithic archaeology,it divides into Hongshan,Yangshao,Longshan,Liangzhu,and Gaomiao culture contexts.In historical records,there was a consensus of ancient scholars that the Chinese nation originated from the five groups of Fuxi,Shennong,Xuanyuan,Shaohao,and Zuanxu,which was recorded as classical standard in materials such as Shangshu Zhengyi(Ancient Documents,Standards).In terms of genetics,there are five major expanded lineages of Y chromosome haplogroup,i.e.,Oα,Oβ,O,C2 and 01a.According to the genetic genealogy,we can integrate the views of the above four disciplines,and reveal an origin of the Chinese national community in the admixture and development of the five early ethnic groups in the middle and late Neolithic Age.

关 键 词：中华民族共同体 民族起源 遗传谱系 语系 新石器时代 

分 类 号：Q986[生物学—人类学]