稀有金属基锂离子电池负极材料研究综述  

Review on Anode Materials of Rare Metal Based Lithium-Ion Batteries

作　　者：杨森 赵宁 张帅卿 董伟[1] Yang Sen;Zhao Ning;Zhang Shuaiqing;Dong Wei(College of Material Science and Engineering,Liaoning Technical University,Fuxin 123000,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁工程技术大学材料科学与工程学院,辽宁阜新123000

出　　处：《稀有金属》2024年第5期705-713,共9页Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

基　　金：辽宁省教育厅科研项目(JYTMS20230800,LN2019JL026)资助。

摘　　要：锂离子电池是解决煤炭、石油等化石能源短缺的清洁能源,在生产、生活、军事等领域被广泛应用。稀有金属具有体积容量高、循环稳定性好、电导率高等优点,是理想的锂离子电池负极原料。但稀有金属在充放电时体积变化较大,导致负极材料结构不稳定,降低锂离子电池可逆容量。通过阐述典型稀有金属锡、钛、钼、锗、锑或其化合物结构特征,以及其作为锂离子电池负极材料储锂机制,归纳充放电过程中存在问题,分析负极材料改性方法研究进展及研究趋势,可以从结构和机制方面改进稀有金属基锂离子电池负极材料储锂性能,提升稀有金属商业价值。研究表明:纳米结构易于传质和转移电荷;小尺寸也有利于减小体积变化产生的应变;合金化和复合材料改性能提高反应能量势垒,有利于提高储锂容量,控制体积膨胀。优化稀有金属及其化合物纳米结构、降低稀有金属基负极材料成本、构造多孔或核-壳结构是稀有金属基锂离子电池负极材料未来研究趋势。Lithium-ion batteries are clean energy to solve the shortage of fossil energy such as coal and oil,and are widely used in production,life,military and other fields.High energy density,small memory effect,long cycle life and low environmental pollution are obvious advantages of lithium-ion batteries.Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in small mobile devices,medical microelectronic devices,electric vehicles and other fields.Lithium-ion battery anode materials are divided into carbon and non-carbon anode materials,and rare metals area class of non-carbon anode materials.Compared with traditional graphite anode materials,volume capacity of tin-based materials is higher.Circulate,magnification and safety performance of titanium-based materials are higher.Molybdenum-based material compounds are conducive to rapid charge and discharge.Diffusion rate and conductivity of Li+ in germaniumbased anode materials are higher.Theoretical specific capacity of antimony-based anode materials is higher,and reaction voltage is safer.Germanium-based anode materials is simpler than silicon,germanium and tin reaction process,moreover volume change is less.So rare metal is more applicated as the anode material of lithium-ion battery.However,the volume of rare metals is greatly varied during charging and discharging,which results in unstable structure of anode materials and reversible capacity of the lithium-ion battery is reduced.For example,volume of tin-based,germanium-based,and antimony-based anode materials are expanded during charging and discharging,which unstable solid electrolyte interface(SEI) film is formed.Electronic conductivity and volumetric energy density of titanium-based anode material are low,which reversible capacity of the battery is decreased.Electrical conductivity of molybdenumbased anode materials is poor because of electrode is easy to crush.In this review,typical rare metals structural characteristics of tin,titanium,molybdenum,germanium,antimony or their chemical compound and mechanism of lithium stora

关 键 词：稀有金属基负极材料 锂离子电池 储锂机制 纳米化 复合改性 结构调控 

分 类 号：TM911[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]