二次资源中钌的提取回收技术进展  

Technical Process of Extraction and Recovery of Ruthenium from Secondary Resources

作　　者：郁丰善 张文洁[1] 王春霞[1] 温嘉玮 黄国勇 Yu Fengshan;Zhang Wenjie;Wang Chunxia;Wen Jiawei;Huang Guoyong(College of New Energy and Materials,China University of Petroleum-Beijing,Beijing 102249,China;State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,China University of Petroleum-Beijing,Beijing 102249,China;Jiangxi Junxin Precious Metal Technology meterial Co.,Ltd.,Shangrao 335500,China)

机构地区：[1]中国石油大学(北京)新能源与材料学院,北京102249 [2]中国石油大学(北京)重质油国家重点实验室,北京102249 [3]江西省君鑫贵金属科技材料有限公司,江西上饶335500

出　　处：《稀有金属》2024年第5期728-744,共17页Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52022109,51834008,22008248);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2901100);中国石油大学(北京)科研基金项目(2462022QZDX008,2462021QNX2010,2462020YXZZ016)资助。

摘　　要：贵金属钌具有特殊的理化性质,应用范围广,消耗量大。钌的原矿资源很少,因此从含有钌的二次资源中提取钌是获得钌资源的重要途径。含钌的二次资源包括贵金属提取中的王水不溶渣、钌靶材废料、负载催化剂、电镀钌等。简述了钌及其化合物的性质,以及钌在催化、靶材、电镀、合金和医药等方面的用途,并介绍了二次资源中钌的提取回收技术。对于固体废弃物中的钌资源,可采用氯化法、碱熔蒸馏法、臭氧氧化法、预处理活化-溶解法等方法处理,对于液体废弃物则可采用沉淀法、电解法、吸附和萃取法、沉降法等。氯化法是最常用的固废处理方法之一,但是存在氯气泄露造成环境污染的风险,硫脲沉淀法是常用的废液处理方法。钌的粗产品还可以通过水解蒸馏和浓缩蒸馏实现进一步提纯精炼。最后对钌资源的回收现状进行了总结和展望。从钌二次资源进行提取回收和循环利用贵金属,为保障中国贵金属战略资源供给保障和可持续发展具有十分重要意义。Precious metal ruthenium has excellent physical properties,such as hard and brittle,high melting point,not easy to cast,and has excellent catalytic activity,good electrical conductivity and high temperature and corrosion resistance.Ruthenium has stable chemical properties and is almost insoluble in acid,it cannot be corroded in royal water at 100 ℃,and it is also difficult to dissolve in hydrofluoric acid and phosphoric acid.Ruthenium can react with fluorine,chlorine and bromine under heating.When the temperature reaches 300 ℃,RuF5 is generated with fluorine.At 450 ℃,chlorine can form RuCl3,and ruthenium powder is heated to 900 ℃ on the surface.RuO3 and RuO4 can be formed when the temperature rises to 1000 ℃.Ruthenium with these special physicochemical properties has a wide range of applications and a large consumption.Ruthenium mineral resources are very few,so extracted from secondary resources containing ruthenium,ruthenium is an important way to obtain ruthenium resources.With the extraction and recovery of ruthenium resources,the upgrading of refining process and the improvement of production capacity,the refining cycle and extraction cost of ruthenium are greatly shortened,the circulation of ruthenium is relatively fast,and the price of ruthenium is greatly reduced.Secondary resources containing ruthenium include royal water-insoluble slag in precious metal extraction,ruthenium target waste material,loading catalyst,electroplating ruthenium,and so on.Ruthenium accounts for 49.4% of the total secondary resource,including about 10.4%,13% and 26% of PtRu4,PtRu5 and PtRu10 alloys.The distribution of ruthenium used for making ruthenium electrode accounts for 18.2% of the total secondary resource,while ruthenium accounts for about 1.2% of the ruthenium catalyst resources.This paper briefly described the properties of ruthenium and its compounds,as well as the uses of ruthenium in catalysis,target materials,electroplating,alloys,and medicine,and details the extraction and recovery technology and value-ad

关 键 词：钌 二次资源 提取 回收 

分 类 号：TF83[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]