违约金调整排除特约的效力认定——兼析《民法典》合同编解释(征求意见稿)第68条  

The Validity of the Exclusion Clause of Special Agreements for Adjustment of Liquidated Damages--Analysis of Article 68 of the interpretation of Contract Compilation in Civil Code(Draft for Comments)

作　　者：刘学在[1] 陈志华 LIU Xue-zai;CHEN Zhi-hua(School of Law,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《哈尔滨工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期35-43,共9页Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“民事司法程序现代化问题研究”(21&ZD205);国家社会科学基金青年项目“繁简分流背景下民事审限制度改革研究”(22CFX018)。

摘　　要：违约金调整排除特约的效力认定问题是长期困扰中国理论界与实务界的难题,解决问题的关键在于探寻私法自治与司法干预的衡平之道。如此可形成一个调和方案,即尊重契约自由,但在不予调整违约金将导致明显不公时借道契约正义,实现司法介入的“矫正”功能。《民法典》合同编解释(征求意见稿)第68条以“显失公平”规则审查特约排除条款,未考虑到《民法典》第151条“乘人之危”的主观要件,仅以满足客观要件“对待给付失衡”即认定排除特约无效,系对第151条要件和效果的修改,故不建议从“显失公平”的角度认定此类条款的效力。可基于实务经验并运用动态系统理论重构效力审查体系,以公平原则为“尺”,以对待给付失衡、意思自治、商事风险负担、违约金的性质以及违约金调整权的规范属性等因素为“度”,综合判断违约金调整排除特约的效力。The issue of excluding the effectiveness of penalty clause of special agreements for adjustment of liquidated damages has long been a challenge in both theoretical and practical fields in China.The key to solving this problem lies in exploring a balance between private law autonomy and judicial intervention.This can achieve a compromise plan,that respects the freedom of contract but allow for judicial intervention when the refusal to adjust penalty clauses would result in obvious unfairness,thus achieving the“correction”function of judicial intervention.Article 68 of the interpretation of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code(Draft for Solicitation of Opinions)examines the exclusion clauses based on the rule of“manifestly unfair”,without considering the subjective elements of"taking advantage of the other party's distress"as stipulated inArticle 151 of the Civil Code.It only determines the invalidity of the requirements and effects of Article 151.Therefore,it is not recommended to determine the effectiveness of such clauses from the perspective of"manifestly unfair".Instead,it is suggsted to reconstruct the effectiveness review system based on practical experience and the application of dynamic system theory,using the principle of fairness as the'measure',and considering factors such as the imbalanced in consideration,autonomy of intention,burden of commercial risk,the nature of penalty clauses,and the normative attributes of the powerto adjust penalty power.By comprehensively assessing these factors,the effectiveness of excluding penalty adjustments can be determined.

关 键 词：违约金调整 排除特约 动态系统理论 显失公平 效力认定 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]