跨国主义视域下拉美移民的区域治理与美国单边政策  

Regional Governance of Migration in Latin America and the US Unilateral Policy from the Perspective of Transnationalism

作　　者：郝鲁怡[1] Hao Luyi

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2024年第3期118-141,145,146,共26页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：“跨国主义”理论主张,移民跨国迁徙活动反映了国家间权力的动态变迁以及与移民进程的内在关系,为国际移民问题研究提供了动态权力的分析视角。跨国主义背景下,美洲大陆“南北”与“南南”移民走廊交相呼应,构成了拉美移民跨国流动的空间叙事载体。“南北”移民走廊是美国领土的历史性扩张、资本的区域性渗透以及全球化进程共同推动的结果。美国通过军事力量和金融资本的控制将其势力范围向拉美地区延伸,在向美洲大陆进行各种资本投资、商品输出过程中,主导了拉美移民由南向北流动的“南北”移民走廊形成的历史进程。“南南”移民走廊形成的主因则是拉美国家间发展的结构性不平衡。在区域治理层面,以多边方式应对移民问题在拉美地区具有较为深厚的实践基础,拉美国家在“南北”与“南南”移民走廊上建立了若干次区域机制。但实践中,各国仅停留在各项制度的纸面承诺上,并无意落实移民规则及推动深入移民合作。尤其是,美国日益严苛的边境执法措施不断压缩拉美移民入境的正规通道,致使人口贩运、移民偷运等黑色产业与跨国有组织犯罪在移民走廊上滋生泛滥,导致本已混乱、无序的移民流动生态进一步恶化。The theory of transnationalism provides an analysis perspective of power dynamics for the study of international migration,arguing that the flows of transnational migration reflect the dynamic shifting of power between countries,and that the imbalance of power within and beyond national borders is inextricably linked to the migration process.In the context of transnationalism,the flows of Latin American migrants within the Americas constitute the"North-South"and"South-South"migration corridors.The pattern of migrant flows in Latin America has been shaped by the following factors.First,the"North-South"migration corridor is the result of a combination of the historical expansion of the US territory,the penetration of the US capital,and the process of globalisation in Latin America.The United States has expanded its sphere of influence in Latin America through the control of military power and financial capital,and has dominated the historical process of the formation of the"North-South"corridor,in which Latin American migrants flow from the South to the North,accompanying the process of the US deploying various capital investments and commodity exports on the American continent.Second,the main reason for the formation of"South-South"migration corridors is the structural imbalance in the development of Latin American countries.At the regional level,the multilateral governance approach to migration has a deep practical basis in Latin America,and several sub-regional mechanisms have been established in both the"North-South"and"South-South"corridors.In practice,however,relevant countries have made commitments only on paper,with little intention of implementing the rules and promoting in-depth cooperation.In particular,the US increasingly stringent border enforcement measures serve to reduce continuously the regular channels for Latin American migrants to enter its territory,resulting in the proliferation of transnational crimes such as human trafficking and migrant smuggling in the migration corridors,and thus exacerba

关 键 词：跨国主义 国际移民 移民走廊 边境墙 移民治理 卡塔赫纳难民宣言 

分 类 号：G648.9[文化科学—高等教育学]