行政法课予私人公役何以可能  

The Possibility of Private Public Service under Administrative Law

作　　者：张航[1] ZHANG Hang

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学纪检监察学院

出　　处：《法学评论》2024年第4期39-53,共15页Law Review

基　　金：四川省社会科学重点研究基地社会治理创新研究中心重点项目“总体国家安全观视域下的国家风险预防责任”(项目编号:SHZLZD2306);国家社科基金重大项目“行政法总则制定的理论与实践问题研究”(项目编号:21&ZD191)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：现代行政法上广泛存在强制私人为国家进行义务劳动的制度现象,这可以称为行政法课予私人公役。不同于德国法上的“纳用私人”,它在我国是指为完成特定公共任务,法律法规直接规定特定私人群体无偿应征公共役务,包括单纯的劳动役务和对第三人的干预或服务役务。我国《宪法》中作为“基础规范”的公民基本义务条款经由演绎和推导,可以为行政法在基本权利框架秩序内课予私人公役提供效力基础。事实上,我国早在《共同纲领》中就规定了国民“应征公役”的义务,它彰显了建国初期国民的主体身份地位。同时,私人“应征公役”是个人在共同体生活中理性权衡的结果,它符合“表达自我内省式要求”和“表达外界群体要求”这两种义务性判归。所以,行政法课予私人公役是可能的。课予私人公役这种“便宜性立法”的创设内容、依据理由、对象标准和实施机制等必须受到严格限制,从而管控由此带来的法治风险。深入研究并有效推动这类制度在法治轨道上规范建构,有利于推动现代公民、社会和国家之间的关系真正走向成熟。There is a widespread phenomenon in modern administrative law that compels private individuals to perform compulsory labour for the State,which can be referred to as private public service under administrative law.Unlike the"private service"in German law,in our country it means that in order to complete specific public tasks,laws and regulations directly stipulate that specific groups of private individuals should be required to perform public service without compensation,including pure labour service and intervention or service to third parties.The basic obligations of citizens in our Constitution,as the"basic norms",can provide the basis for the effectiveness of the administrative law in granting private public service within the framework of fundamental rights,through deduction and inference.As a matter of fact,the obligation of nationals to be"conscripted to public service"was stipulated as early as in the Common Programme,which demonstrated the status of nationals as subjects in the early years of the founding of the State.At the same time,private"conscription for public service"is the result of rational weighing by the individual in the community life,which is in line with the two kinds of"expression of self-introspective requirements"and"expression of the requirements of the outside group".It meets two obligatory judgements of"expressing the introspective demands of the self"and"expressing the demands of the outside group".Therefore,it is possible for administrative law to grant private public service.However,the content,rationale,target criteria and implementation mechanism of such"cheap legislation"as the granting of private public service must be strictly limited in order to control the rule of law risks arising therefrom.In-depth study and effective promotion of this kind of system in the rule of law track normative construction,in order to promote the modern relationship between citizens,society and the state really mature.

关 键 词：课予私人公役 纳用私人 基本义务 公共任务 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]