除草与磷肥用量对油菜和杂草生长及磷肥利用率的影响  

Effects of weeding and phosphorus fertilizer application on growth and phosphorus utilization fertilizer rates of rapeseed and weed

作　　者：盛倩男 董小艳[1] 张洋洋[1] 廖世鹏[1] 任涛[1] 李小坤[1] 鲁剑巍[1] SHENG Qian-nan;DONG Xiao-yan;ZHANG Yang-yang;LIAO Shi-peng;REN Tao;LI Xiao-kun;LU Jian-wei(College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan Hubei 430070)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2024年第5期143-150,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901200);财政部和农业农村部“国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-12)”。

摘　　要：油菜产量潜力受草害、肥料等影响,优化杂草管理和磷肥用量在直播油菜种植中发挥着关键作用。在湖北省武汉市开展田间试验,设置2种杂草管理措施(不除草、除草)和4个施磷水平(P_(2)O_(5)0、45、90、135 kg·hm^(-2),分别用P_(0)、P_(45)、P_(90)、P_(135)表示),测定油菜籽产量、产量构成因子、油菜和杂草的生物量及磷积累量,并分析磷肥利用率。结果表明,不论除草与否,P_(90)处理油菜籽产量最高,且与不除草相比,除草后P_(90)油菜籽产量提高了66.3%,施磷和除草均主要通过增加收获密度和单株角果数来促进增产。不论除草与否,在施磷90 kg·hm^(-2)范围内,油菜和杂草的生物量及磷积累量均随施磷量的增加显著增加,除草后更有利于提高油菜相对于杂草的生物量和磷素竞争力;与不除草相比,除草后3个时期的杂草生物量在总生物量中的占比分别平均降低了58.8%、67.1%和60.4%;此外,不除草时杂草磷积累量占总磷积累量的42.0%~62.0%,而除草后这种比值随着生育期进程的推进不断缩小。除草和施磷对油菜磷肥利用率存在显著的交互效应,与不除草相比,除草后油菜的磷肥利用率平均增加了18.2%。在油菜-杂草农田体系中,直播油菜田中杂草养分吸收的情况需要引起重视,除草和施磷可以显著提高油菜的生物量和磷积累量,增加油菜在总体系中的磷肥利用率占比,从空间和养分上削弱杂草的竞争优势,有效地提高油菜产量和磷肥利用率。The yield potential of rapeseed is affected by grass damage,fertilizers,and other factors.Optimizing weed management and phosphorus fertilization play a key role in direct-seeding rapeseed cultivation.A field experiment was conducted in Wuhan,Hubei Province,with two weed management measures(weed-free and weedy)and four phosphorus application levels(P_(2)O_(5)0,45,90,135 kg·hm^(-2),represented by P_(0),P_(45),P_(90) and P_(135),respectively)being set up.The oilseed rape yield,yield components,biomass and nutrient absorption of rapeseed and weeds were measured,and the fertilizer utilization efficiency was analyzed.The results showed that whether weeded or not,the yield of rapeseed treated with P_(90) was the highest,and compared with no weeding,the yield of rapeseed treated with P90 increased by 66.3%after weeding.Weeding and phosphorus application promoted the yield by increasing the harvest density and the pods per plant.Regardless of weeding or not,the biomass and phosphorus accumulation of rape and weeds increased significantly with the increase of phosphorus application rate in the range of P_(2)O_(5)90 kg·hm^(-2),and weeding was more conducive to improving the biomass and phosphorus competitiveness of rape relative to weeds.Compared with no weeding,the proportion of weeds in total biomass after weeding decreased by 58.8%,67.1%and 60.4%,respectively.In addition,the phosphorus accumulation of weeds accounted for 42.0%-62.0%of the total phosphorus accumulation without weeding,and the ratio decreased with the process of growth period after weeding.There was a significant interaction effect between weeding and phosphorus application on the phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate of rapeseed.Compared with no weeding,the phosphorus fertilizer utilization rate of rapeseed after weeding increased by an average of 18.2%.In the rapeseed-weed farmland system,attention needs to be paid to the nutrient absorption of weeds in direct-seeding rapeseed fields.Weeding and phosphorus application could significantly increase the

关 键 词：直播油菜 磷肥用量 田间杂草 油菜籽产量 磷肥利用率 除草 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学] S451.223