北宋漕运影响下的钞盐法变革  

The Reform of Salt Banknote System under the Influence of the Northern Song Dynasty’s Water Transport of Grain

作　　者：谢祺 XIE Qi(School of History and Culture,Central China Normal University,Wuhan,430079)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《云南社会科学》2024年第4期153-162,共10页Social Sciences in Yunnan

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“清代两淮盐业水利中的官僚博弈与国家社会治理研究”(项目号:22CZS044)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：北宋将漕运与淮盐政结合在一起,漕船返程运输食盐销售,以其收入补贴漕运,形成互利的关系,但是北宋盐政的衰败与变革也与漕运出现的问题有关。舟卒境遇低下、漕运官僚腐败、航运水利治理的不稳定都使漕运食盐不断被盗卖、运作效率逐渐低下、食盐运量不足、私盐泛滥、官盐品质低下等问题长期无法得到解决。而通商之议受到漕运系统官员出于自身财务利益立场的反对。北宋末的蔡京钞盐法改革,彻底将漕运与淮盐盐政切割,虽然造成了漕运的进一步衰落,但实现了比漕运更让朝廷满意的财政收入。这是因为钞盐法将官吏从食盐运销中剥离,漕运的诸多弊端不再直接作用于商人自负盈亏的运输,同时蔡京当局也极力保障运输的通畅和排除官吏对航运的干扰,使得钞盐法行之有效,并得以被南宋至清朝等后来的政权所继承,成为全国范围内最主流的盐政运销制度。The Northern Song Dynasty combined water transport of grain with the Huai salt administration.Salt was transported and sold by water transport ships on their return trips and the revenue from salt sales subsidized the water transport of grain,forming a mutually beneficial relationship.However,the decline and reform of the salt administration in the Northern Song Dynasty were also due to the problems inherent in the water transportation itself.The disadvantaged situation of boatmen,corruption of transportation officials,and instability of waterway management of shipping led to the continuous theft of transported salt,declining operational resulting efficiency,insufficient salt transport volumes,widespread illegal salt trade,and low quality of official salt,which were long-standing unresolved problems.But the proposals for commercial trade were opposed by officials in the water transport of grain due to their financial interests.The salt banknote system reform initiated by Cai Jing at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty completely separated water transport of grain from the Huai salt administration.Although this led to further decline in water transport,it achieved fiscal revenue that was more satisfactory to the court than that from grain transport.This was because the salt banknote system removed officials from the transportation and salt sale,eliminating many of the grain transport system’s drawbacks from directly affecting the merchants who now bore the profit and loss risk.Additionally,Cai Jing’s administration made significant efforts to ensure smooth transportation and eliminate official interference in shipping,making the salt banknote system effective.This system was later adopted by subsequent dynasties from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,becoming the most mainstream salt policy and transportation system nationwide.

关 键 词：北宋漕运 淮盐 钞盐法 官僚腐败 蔡京 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学]