粉末床熔融增材制造工模具钢的研究进展  

Research progress of tool and mould steel via powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

作　　者：刘世锋[1] 孙志雄 魏瑛康 王岩 王建勇 张亮亮 杨鑫 汤慧萍 LIU Shifeng;SUN Zhixiong;WEI Yingkang;WANG Yan;WANG Jianyong;ZHANG Liangliang;YANG Xin;TANG Huiping(School of Metallurgical Engineering,Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi’an 710055,Shaanxi,China;Advanced Materials Additive Manufacturing Innovation Research Center,Hangzhou City University,Hangzhou 310015,Zhejiang,China)

机构地区：[1]西安建筑科技大学冶金工程学院,陕西西安710055 [2]浙大城市学院先进材料增材制造创新研究中心,浙江杭州310015

出　　处：《钢铁》2024年第6期2-21,共20页Iron and Steel

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52304357,52104341,52304384);陕西省科技厅杰出青年科学基金资助项目(2024JCJCQN-52);陕西高校青年创新团队资助项目(2022—2025);陕西省教育厅青年创新团队科研计划资助项目(23JP082)。

摘　　要：工模具被誉为“现代工业之母”,其发展水平直接决定了制造业的核心竞争力,在国家重大工程、高端装备和先进武器中的地位不可替代。增材制造技术基于“离散-堆积”原理,以逐点/逐线/逐层堆积方式制造实体零部件,能实现复杂外形或内流道刀具、模具的短流程高效制备,进而提高刀具切削效率、解决模具制品翘曲变形难题,近年来已发展为高端刀具、模具制造的新兴技术之一。粉末床熔融(PBF)是近年来发展较为迅猛的一种金属增材制造工艺,具有材料选择多、成形精度高、成形件力学性能好和对几何形状不敏感等突出优点,可满足极端复杂构件的高质量、高效制造。综述了国内外PBF成形工模具钢的研究与应用现状。首先介绍了PBF技术的特点及商用设备的最新发展状况;国产商用PBF设备已有较大程度的发展,可成形零件尺寸已达米级。其次重点分析了PBF成形工模具钢的特有优势,以及高速工具钢、热作模具钢及塑料模具钢等3类工模具钢的工艺窗口与组织、性能特征;在快冷(106~108 K/s)条件下,PBF成形组织更加细小且有效抑制宏观偏析,优化工艺后PBF可成形完全致密工模具钢,其热处理后的综合力学性能接近甚至超过标准锻件水平。接着总结了PBF成形工模具钢在复杂构形刀具、模具方面的工程应用,提出了领域关注方向及进一步的发展趋势。最后总结了该方向的研究进展并对其发展前景和重点发展方向进行了展望。Tools and moulds are known as the"mother of modern industry",and its development level directly determines the core competitiveness of the manufacturing industry,and its status is irreplaceable in national major projects,high-end equipment and advanced weapons.Additive manufacturing technology based on the principle of"discrete-stacking",point by point/line by line/layer by layer stacking way to manufacture solid parts,can achieve a complex shape or internal runner tools,tool and mould of the short process of high-efficiency preparation,and thus improve the cutting efficiency of the tool,to solve the problem of warping and deformation of the mould products,in recent years,has been developed as a high-end tool and mould manufacturing one of the emerging technologies.Powder bed fusion(PBF)is a metal additive manufacturing process that has been developing more rapidly in recent years,and has the outstanding advantages of multiple material choices,high forming accuracy,good mechanical properties of the formed parts and insensitivity to geometry,which can satisfy the high-quality and high-efficiency manufacturing of extremely complex components.The current status of research and application of PBF forming tool and mould steel at home and abroad are reviewed.Firstly,the characteristics of PBF technology and the latest development of commercial equipment are introduced;domestic commercial PBF equipment has been developed to a large extent,and the size of formable parts has reached the metre level;Secondly,it focuses on the analysis of the unique advantages of PBF forming tool and mould steel,as well as high-speed tool steel,hot work mould steel and plastic mould steel and their process window and organization,performance characteristics;In the fast-cooling(106-108 K/s)conditions,the PBF forming organization is more fine and effective suppression of macro-segregation,optimization of the process of the PBF can be formed into a fully dense tool and mould steel,the heat treatment of its comprehensive mechanical properties c

关 键 词：增材制造 工模具钢 显微组织 碳化物 力学性能 

分 类 号：TG142.1[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]