正犯概念的理论选择与规范建构——兼论对主犯条款的解释  

Theoretical Choice and Normative Construction of the Concept of Perpetrator—Also on the Interpretation of the Principal Offender Clause

作　　者：张嘉轩 Zhang Jiaxuan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心

出　　处：《南大法学》2024年第4期48-70,共23页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：明确各行为人的定罪根据、实现刑罚的个别化是共同犯罪理论的两个基本问题,对二者的回答集中反映在正犯概念的建构方法上。扩张的正犯概念在形式层面与罪刑法定原则之间存在激烈冲突,在规范层面误将自然和自由予以等同对待,在实践层面不当地扩张了处罚范围,因而并不可取。形式的正犯概念的两大基点是纯粹因果的不法体系和“正犯定性、主犯定量”的分析框架,但这两大基点均不牢靠。有必要继续坚守规范的正犯概念,并以规范地充足构成要件作为正犯建构的指导原则,以此诠释“在共同犯罪中起主要作用”这一主犯特征。正犯建构的核心是行为归责。行为归责的原理包括对实行行为的决断和决定性塑造。由此,可以将正犯概念及主犯条款予以类型化,并为有组织犯罪中首要分子的主犯责任提供法理说明。Clarifying the basis of conviction for each offender and realizing the individualization of penalties are two basic questions in the theory of joint criminal offence,and the answers to both are centrally reflected in the method of constructing the concept of perpetrator.The expansive concept of perpetrator is undesirable because it violently conflicts with the principle of legality at the formal level,mistakenly equates nature and freedom at the normative level and improperly expands the scope of punishment at the practical level.The two main foundations of the formal concept of perpetrator are the purely causal system of wrongdoing and the analytical framework of“qualitative perpetrator,quantitative principal”,but these two foundations are not secure.There is a need to continue to adhere to the normative concept of perpetrator and take normative conformity of constituent elements as the guiding principle of perpetrator construction,so as to interpret the characteristics of principal offender that“plays a major role in joint criminal offence”.At the core of the perpetrator construction is the attribution of conduct,the rationale of which consists of the decision and deterministic shaping of the act of perpetration.In this way,it is possible to typify the concept of perpetrator and the principal offender clause and to provide a theoretical account of the liability of ringleaders in organized crime.

关 键 词：扩张的正犯概念 形式客观说 规范的正犯概念 行为归责 主犯 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]