论应受行政处罚行为构成的原则与例外  

On the Principles and Exceptions in the Constitution of Acts Deserving Administrative Punishment

作　　者：李晴 Li Qing(Nanjing University Law School;Institute for Chinese Legal Modernization Studies)

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院 [2]中国法治现代化研究院

出　　处：《法学家》2024年第4期145-158,195,共15页The Jurist

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“应受行政处罚行为的违法阻却问题研究”(22YJC820017)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：构成要件该当性是应受行政处罚行为构成的基础条件之一。是否以危害结果为必要,是确立构成要件该当性的关键。危害结果指向具体行为对象,是现实的,既包括实际的损害,也包括可能的危险。以危害结果为必要的应受行政处罚行为即结果不法,不以危害结果为必要的应受行政处罚行为即行为不法。行政处罚原则上要求令行禁止。行为不法是应受行政处罚行为的常态。基于行政处罚的谦抑性,结果不法是应受行政处罚行为的例外。争议较大的正当行为、不正当行为以及正当性存疑的新兴行为与危害结果叠加,构成结果不法。争议较大的正当行为叠加实际损害构成应受行政处罚行为。不正当行为与正当性存疑的新兴行为叠加现实危险构成应受行政处罚行为。The propriety of constituent elements is one of the basic conditions for the formation of acts deserving administrative punishment.Whether the harmful outcome is necessary is the key to establishing the propriety of constituent elements.The harmful outcome points to specific behavior objects,which are realistic,including both actual damage and possible danger.When the harmful outcomes are necessary,acts deserving administrative punishment are consequential offenses.When the harmful outcomes are not necessary,acts deserving administrative punishment are behavioral offenses.Administrative punishment requires orders and prohibitions.For this reason,behavioral offenses are normal for acts deserving administrative punishment.However,as to the modesty of administrative punishment,there are also exceptions of consequential offenses.The combination of controversial legitimate behavior,improper behavior,and emerging behaviors with questionable legitimacy and harmful consequences constitutes consequential offenses.The combination of controversial legitimate actions and actual damages constitutes acts deserving administrative punishment.The combination of improper behavior or emerging behaviors with questionable legitimacy and a realistic danger constitutes acts deserving administrative punishment.

关 键 词：行政处罚 应受行政处罚行为 行为不法 结果不法 行政处罚的谦抑性 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]