通勤机动车内秋季期间微生物气溶胶的污染特征及暴露分析  

Analysis of Contamination Characteristics and Exposure of Microbial Aerosol in Commuter Motor Vehicles During Autumn

作　　者：张金萍 孙宁[1,2] 冯东浩 张岩桐 ZHANG Jinping;SUN Ning;FENG Donghao;ZHANG Yantong(School of Environment and Energy Engineering,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Beijing 100044,China;Key Laboratory of HVAC,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Beijing 100044,China)

机构地区：[1]北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院,北京100044 [2]北京建筑大学“供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程”北京市重点实验室,北京100044

出　　处：《建筑科学》2024年第6期155-165,174,共12页Building Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目“室内微生物污染源头识别监测和综合控制技术”(2017YFC0702800)。

摘　　要：为了解人们在上下班时间即早晚高峰时段通勤机动车厢内微生物气溶胶的污染特征和暴露风险。本文在2022年秋季选取北京市区内某路公交车和小型载客汽车为研究对象,对其车厢内空气中的细菌和真菌在早晚高峰时段进行了现场采样和实验室培养。分析了高峰时段通勤车车厢内乘客位和司机位的微生物气溶胶浓度水平和粒径分布特征,探讨了颗粒物浓度和人员流量对微生物气溶胶的影响,并评估了微生物暴露风险。结果表明:1)高峰段小型客车内真菌和细菌气溶胶的污染水平与相关标准相比属于较清洁等级,而公交车内细菌气溶胶浓度基本未超标,但真菌气溶胶污染明显,且污染集中于乘客位;2)高峰时段小型客车车厢内微生物气溶胶浓度易受室外源影响,公交车车厢内乘客位细菌气溶胶浓度易受室内源影响,且在空调通风状态下公交车车厢内微生物气溶胶浓度主要受空调和车内人员的影响;3)通勤车车厢内细菌气溶胶粒径主要分布在2.1~7.0μm,真菌主要分布在1.1~4.7μm;4)车厢内微生物气溶胶浓度与人员流量呈正相关,且细菌和真菌总浓度与颗粒物PM_(1.0)、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)均呈正相关;5)微生物暴露量对人体健康的影响系数均小于1,但其对男性健康的影响稍高于女性,对司机影响高于乘客。To understand the contamination characteristics and exposure risks of microbial aerosols in commuter carriages during peak commuting hours,especially the morning and evening rush hours,this paper selected a bus and a small passenger car in Beijing as the research objects.The airborne bacteria and fungi were sampled on site from their compartments during the morning and evening peak hours,and subsequently cultured in the laboratory.Microbial aerosol concentration levels and particle size distribution characteristics were analyzed in the passenger and driver seats of commuter carriages during peak hours.The effects of particulate matter concentration and passenger flow on microbial aerosols were discussed,and microbial exposure risk was assessed.The results showed that:1) During peak hours,the small passenger car exhibited fungal and bacterial aerosol contamination levels that met the cleaner class standards.However,in the bus,the concentration of bacterial aerosol basically did not exceed the standard value,but fungal contamination was evident,and the pollution was concentrated in the passenger seats;2) Microbial aerosol concentration in the small passenger car during peak hours is influenced by outdoor sources.Bacterial aerosol concentrations in passenger compartments of buses are influenced by indoor sources,and microbial aerosol concentration in buses under air-conditioned ventilation is mainly influenced by the air-conditioning and occupants;3) The particle size distribution of bacterial aerosols in commuter carriages mainly falls in the range of 2.1 to 7.0 μm,while the fungal distribution falls mainly in the range of 1.1 to 4.7 μm;4) Microbial aerosol concentrations in the compartments were positively correlated with the flow of people,and total bacterial and fungal concentrations were positively correlated with PM_(1.0),PM_(2.5),and PM_(10);5) The coefficient of influence of microbial exposure on human health is less than 1,with a slightly higher value for males compared with females,and higher for drivers

关 键 词：通勤机动车 高峰时段 微生物气溶胶 污染特征 暴露风险 

分 类 号：TU831[建筑科学—供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程]