俄罗斯科技外交的发展进程、实践路径与启示  

The Development Process, Practical Pathways, and Insights of Russian Science and Technology Diplomacy

作　　者：张建[1,2] 李昕龙[2] Zhang Jian;Li Xinlong

机构地区：[1]外交学院外交学与外事管理系 [2]外交学院俄罗斯研究中心

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2024年第3期35-67,共33页Russian Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“中俄美三边关系与大国竞合中的世界秩序研究”(项目批准号:19CGJ007)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：当今时代,全球知识生产中心多极化正在形成,科学技术对国际关系的影响愈加深入,能否在高科技领域占有一席之地已经成为大国竞争的关键因素。科技外交逐渐成为国家战略的重要组成部分。俄罗斯科技外交经历了从“自由化”到俄乌冲突背景下向国家本位主义的转变过程。本文主要聚焦俄罗斯科技外交战略,总结不同阶段科技外交的特征,提炼分析俄罗斯科技外交的三类实践路径:通过外交促进国际科技合作,利用科技促进国家间关系,科技为外交决策提供可选方案。在俄乌冲突的背景下,俄罗斯通过利用传统优势、科技外交重点向友好国家偏移、强化技术主权意识应对西方技术封锁,反制美国的“长臂管辖”。通过研究俄罗斯科技外交发展的实践经验可以发现,“科技脱钩”已成为西方对俄制裁的一个重点,俄罗斯科技外交战略转向、反制裁措施获得一定成效。但是,俄罗斯科技外交实践仍面临未能占领前沿领域制高点、人才流失、创新力不足等一系列难以克服的难题,值得我们借鉴与反思并做好研判应对工作。In the current era, a multipolar global knowledge production landscape is emerging, and the influence of science and technology on international relations is becoming increasingly profound. The ability to secure a place in the high-tech field has become a critical factor in great power competition. Science and technology diplomacy is gradually becoming an important component of national strategy. Russian science and technology diplomacy has undergone a transformation from “liberalization” to a state-centric approach in the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. This article focuses on Russia's science and technology diplomacy strategy, summarizing characteristics of different stages and analyzing three types of practical pathways in Russian science and technology diplomacy: promoting international scientific and technological cooperation through diplomacy, using technology to enhance bilateral relations, and providing technological options for diplomatic decision-making. Against the backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia has responded to Western technological blockades and countered U.S. “long-arm jurisdiction” by leveraging traditional advantages, shifting its science and technology diplomacy focus towards friendly nations, and strengthening its awareness of technological sovereignty. The study of the practical experiences of Russia's science and technology diplomacy reveals that “technological decoupling” has become a key aspect of Western sanctions against Russia.Russia's strategic shift in science and technology diplomacy and its counter-sanctions measures have achieved certain results. However, Russia's science and technology diplomacy still faces a series of insurmountable challenges, such as failing to occupy the commanding heights of cutting-edge fields, talent loss, and insufficient innovation capacity. These issues are worth our reflection and analysis to better prepare and respond effectively.

关 键 词：俄罗斯科技外交 国家软实力 大国博弈 制裁与反制裁 

分 类 号：D851.2[政治法律—政治学]