论明代常股、存积盐法的演变  

The Evolution on Common Salt and Reserved Salt about Salt Administration in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：宋上上 SONG Shangshang(Department of History,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,北京100871

出　　处：《安徽史学》2024年第4期153-160,共8页Historical Research In Anhui

摘　　要：明正统五年,户部规定两淮、两浙、长芦运司常股盐挨次守支,存积盐随到随支。常股和存积盐搭配开中,二者盐价比从正统时1∶4,至成化时1∶1.5,到弘治接近1∶1,在价格和守候时间上趋于一致。正德元年户部将存积盐改为挨次守支,相当于废除了存积盐法。嘉靖九年后,户部将山东运司也纳入存积盐划分范围,规定两淮等四运司盐课的40%定为常股盐,供应九边客兵粮饷,占比60%的存积盐,补充主兵粮饷。《明史》记载常股盐供应主兵粮饷的说法,属于臆测。常股、存积盐法是中国古代食盐专卖制度的创举,官府试图对于盐引售卖作出预算和规划,但随着明代中后期边镇粮饷激增,运司盐课年年开中殆尽,甚至透支开派,使得存积盐法有名无实。In the 5th year of the Zhengtong period of Ming Dynasty,the Ministry of Revenue established the Law of common salt and reserved salt.Common salt was obtained in order,and reserved salt was obtained as soon as merchants arrived in Lianghuai,Liangzhe and Changlu Department of Salt Transportation.According to political documents,the price ratio of common salt and reserved salt increased from 1∶4 during the Zhengtong period to 1∶1.5 during the Chenghua period,and approached 1∶1 during the Hongzhi period,tending to be consistent in terms of price and waiting time.In 1506,the Ministry of Revenue changed the method of reserved salt,which means merchants need to waiting in sequence.It was equivalent to abolishing the law of reserved salt.After 1530,the Ministry of Revenue designated 40%of salt production of Lianghuai,Liangzhe,Changlu,and Shandong Department of Salt Transportation as common salt,providing elsewhere military expenditure in Nine Edges.The remaining 60%of the salt is designated as reserved salt to compensate for the local military expenditure.The statement in Mingshi that common salt supplied the local military expenditure is not accurate.In the mid to late Ming Dynasty,only the empty shell of common salt and reserved salt were preserved.

关 键 词：开中法 常股盐 存积盐 边镇粮饷 户部财政 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]